北京市公交车内噪声监测与分析

公交车内噪声环境是影响驾驶员、售票员以及乘客乘车环境的重要物理因素.鉴于此,选取了北京3类15辆公交车进行了测量与分析.结果显示,北京公交车内噪声LAeq最高达到了79.6dB(A),噪声污染级最高达到91.9dB(A),交通噪声指数最高达96.3dB(A).显示北京公交车内噪声污染较为严重.此外对不同测点位置、不同类型车辆的噪声水平进行了方差分析.测点位置、车辆类型以及其交互效应均不存在显著差异(P＞0.05).频谱分析显示,车内噪声以低频为主,且呈现出显著的线性特征.铰链式公交车的部分高频成分较为显著.进一步计算发现NCB值均较高,车内存在较显著隆隆声和振动感,铰链式车辆的NCB值也显著高于其他两类公交车.为降低公交车内噪声强度,防止司售人员和乘客所处声环境的进一步恶化,建议相关部门采取有效措施进行控制.     

Evaluation of wind environment around a residential complex using a PIV velocity field measurement technique

Wind-tunnel simulations were employed to evaluate the wind environment around a tested residential area located near industrial complexes. The scaled-down geomorphological model of the test area was placed in the test section of a boundary layer wind tunnel. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made in five vertical planes and one horizontal plane around the test area for two prevailing wind directions. The results showed that the wind speed decreased in the near surface layer and the velocity fluctuations increased in the upper region due to the presence of hills and high-rise buildings around the test area. Regions of flow separation and low-speed flow were found inside the test area for both the wind directions. The result suggests that the high-rise buildings should be well arranged with respect to the main wind directions to increase the natural ventilation inside the residential complex at the initial design stage.     

基于支持向量机的采空区稳定性分级

针对采空区稳定性分级的影响因素众多且关系复杂的特点,提出采用支持向量机理论对采空区稳定性进行分级。根据分级评价指标选取原则,选取岩体结构、地质构造、岩石的质量指标、地下可见水、地下水体、周边开采的影响、相邻空区的情况、工程布置、跨度、面积、高度、矿柱的尺寸及布置、埋藏深度和采空区的规格14个影响因子,建立了采空区稳定性评价指标体系,引入支持向量机理论,选择有向无环图方式构造多类分类器,得到采空区稳定性分级的支持向量机模型。将该模型用于山东黄金矿业西山矿区的25个采空区进行分级,并与未确知测度方法的分级情况     

一种新型的MR隔震减振支座及其剪切性能试验研究

基于磁流变(MR)智能材料的减振器技术的研究可以为实现工程结构隔震减振自适应控制开辟一条新的途径。设计加工了一种新型的分体式MR隔震减振支座,并对该隔震减振支座的剪切性能进行了试验研究。新型MR隔震减振支座包含MR塑性体工作单元和MR弹性体工作单元,其中MR塑性体提供小位移工况时的刚度和阻尼,MR弹性体提供大位移工况时的刚度和阻尼。结果表明:新型MR隔震减振支座的剪切刚度随着工作电流强度的增大而增大,相较无电流工况,电流强度为2A时等效剪切刚度相对变化率可达到50%以上;无电流输入时支座中基体及普通填充橡胶仍可提供一定阻尼力,能够有效吸收振动能量,达到中高阻尼橡胶支座的性能;竖向压应力提高了新型MR隔震减振支座的剪切刚度;小位移时加载频率的降低对新型MR隔震减振支座的剪切刚度有增益效果。该新型MR隔震减振支座可以适用于震动荷载工况复杂多变,需要严格控制大位移变形的隔震结构物。     

循环温度荷载作用下饱和黏土的体积变形特性

采用温控三轴仪,研究了排水条件下温度循环引起的饱和黏土体积变化特性。试验结果表明,温度循环会使得土体产生不可恢复的体积变形,塑性体积应变的大小随温度循环周数的增加而增加,并逐渐趋于稳定值;若将经历过温度循环的土样重新加载到新的正常固结状态,后续温度循环中产生的塑性体积应变量值及发展规律与初始循环下的类似;同等温度增量下,体积应变的大小主要受超固结比OCR的影响,与应力水平无关。OCR越大,体积应变越小,随温度循环周数稳定的也越快。基于广义塑性理论,给出了热-力耦合作用下土体体积应变的计算模型。模型中考虑了温度塑性应变对屈服应力的硬化作用,根据屈服应力与前期固结应力之间的差异间接体现温度历史的影响,进而合理地模拟体积应变随温度循环周数的累积规律。利用所建立的模型对本文试验和文献中的数据进行了模拟,验证了模型的可靠性。     

As(III) adsorption onto Fe-impregnated food waste biochar: experimental investigation,modeling, and optimization using response surface methodology

Biochar derived from food waste was modified with Fe to enhance its adsorption capacity for As(III), which is the most toxic form of As. The synthesis of Fe-impregnated food waste biochar (Fe-FWB) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), and the pyrolysis time (1.0, 2.5, and 4.0 h), temperature (300, 450, and 600 °C), and Fe concentration (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 M) were set as independent variables. The pyrolysis temperature and Fe concentration significantly influenced the As(III) removal, but the effect of pyrolysis time was insignificant. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of Fe-FWB were 1 h and 300 °C with a 0.42-M Fe concentration. Both physical and chemical properties of the optimized Fe-FWB were studied. They were also used for kinetic, equilibrium, thermodynamic, pH, and competing anion studies. Kinetic adsorption experiments demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model had a superior fit for As(III) adsorption than the pseudo-first-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity derived from the Langmuir model was 119.5 mg/g, which surpassed that of other adsorbents published in the literature. Maximum As(III) adsorption occurred at an elevated pH in the range from 3 to 11 owing to the presence of As(III) as H₂AsO₃^? above a pH of 9.2. A slight reduction in As(III) adsorption was observed in the existence of bicarbonate, hydrogen phosphate, nitrate, and sulfate even at a high concentration of 10 mM. This study demonstrates that aqueous solutions can be treated using Fe-FWB, which is an affordable and readily available resource for As(III) removal.

     

Identification of iron and sulfate release processes during riverbank filtration using chemical mass balance modeling

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Various hydrogeochemical processes can modify the quality of river water during riverbank filtration (RBF). Identifying the subsurface processes responsible...     

Short-term effect of temperature variation on the competition between PAOs and GAOs during acclimation period of an EBPR system

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes was used to investigate the impact of the temperature shock on the competition between phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) in start-up stage. During the 34 days operation, SBR was set with temperature variation(0–5 d, 22±1°C; 6–13 d, 29±1°C; 14–34 d, 14±1°C). PAOs and GAOs were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and intracellular polyphosphate granules were stained by Neisser-stain. The results showed that the influence of temperature shock on PAOs’ abundance was more serious than that on GAOs in the enriching process. Under sudden and substantially temperature variation, from 22±1°C to 29±1°C and then to 14±1°C, the domination of PAOs was deteriorated. After temperature shock, PAOs’ competitive advantages at low temperature that concluded in other study did not appear in our study. As mesophilic, GAOs (indicated by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) were more temperature adaptive and better grew and took the domination at 14±1°C in the end. In the competition process, organisms of tetrad forming organisms (TFOs)-like shape which were considered as typical GAOs, were observed. With the evidence of poly-P granules containing by Neisser-straining and result of FISH, these organisms of TFOs-like shape were better to be assumed as adaption state or a special self-protecting shape of PAOs.     

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.     

铁矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物代谢活性的影响

以北京市密云水库上游某铁矿区为研究对象,利用比色法、微量热法对铁矿区内各采样点土壤酶活性及其微量热代谢活性指标进行分析,以探究不同区位重金属污染下土壤微生物代谢活性的变化. 结果表明:各采样点土壤中w(Cu)、w(Cd)、w(Zn)、w(Cr)均超过北京市土壤相应背景值. 在重金属污染程度较低的S6、S7、S8采样点,土壤脲酶、FDA酶(荧光素二乙酸脂酶)活性均较高,分别为0.64、1.22、0.64 mg/g和1.25、2.84、1.45 μg/g. 微量热代谢活性指标中,k (生长速率常数)在污染程度较低处的值均较高,而重度污染区域的S1、S4采样点的k为0. 相关性分析显示,k是反映微量热中代谢热活性的最具代表性指标. RDA(冗余度分析)结果显示,w(Cd)、w(TN)、w(AP)、w(TOC)、内梅罗污染指数及w(Cu)是影响k、P_m(最大热输出功率)的主要因素. Cd、Cu污染抑制了土壤微生物的代谢活性,不同代谢活性指标对重金属的敏感程度表现为k最强,P_m、脲酶活性、FDA酶活性次之.