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484.
Wusi Yue Charles Meneveau Marc B. Parlange Weihong Zhu Hyung Suk Kang Joseph Katz 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(1):73-95
A comparative study of turbulence in a wind-tunnel model canopy is performed, using Large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental
data from PIV and hot-wire anemometry measurements. The model canopy is composed of thin cylindrical stalks. In the LES, these
are represented using a plant-scale approach, while the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model is used as subgrid-scale
model. LES predictions of turbulence statistics and energy spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental
data. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets from the LES simulation are analyzed to provide more information absent in the
measurements. Results confirm that sloshing motions at the low levels of the canopy are mainly driven by pressure fluctuations.
A difference between the energy flux obtained from the energy spectrum and the SGS dissipation rate is observed, consistent
with a spectral bypass mechanism in which the real spectral flux due to cascade is smaller than that implied by the energy-spectrum
level, due to direct drain by the canopy. 相似文献
485.
Chang-Keun Kang Eun Jung Choy Yongsoo Son Jae-Young Lee Jong Kyu Kim Youngdae Kim Kun-Seop Lee 《Marine Biology》2008,153(6):1181-1198
Loss of macroalgae habitats has been widespread on rocky marine coastlines of the eastern Korean peninsula, and efforts for
restoration and creation of macroalgal beds have increasingly been made to mitigate these habitat losses. Deploying artificial
reefs of concrete pyramids with kelps attached has been commonly used and applied in this study. As a part of an effort to
evaluate structural and functional recovery of created and restored habitat, the macroalgal community and food web structure
were studied about a year after the establishment of the artificial macroalgal bed, making comparisons with nearby natural
counterparts and barren ground communities. Dominant species, total abundance, and community structure of macroalgal assemblage
at the restored macroalgal bed recovered to the neighboring natural bed levels during the study period. The main primary producers
(phytoplankton and macroalgae) were isotopically well separated. δ13C and δ15N values of consumers were very similar between restored and natural beds but varied greatly among functional feeding groups.
The range of consumer δ13C was as wide as that of primary producers, indicating the trophic importance of both producers. There was a stepwise trophic
enrichment in δ15N with increasing trophic level. A comparison of isotope signatures between primary producers and consumers showed that, while
suspension feeders are highly dependent on pelagic sources, invertebrates of other feeding guilds and fishes mainly use macroalgae-derived
organic matter as their ultimate nutritional sources in both macroalgal beds, emphasizing the high equivalency of trophic
structure between both beds. Isotopic signatures of a few mollusks and sea urchins showed that they use different dietary
items in macroalgal-barren grounds compared with macroalgal beds, probably reflecting their feeding plasticity according to
the low macroalgal biomass. However, isotopic signatures of most of the consumers at the barren ground were consistent with
those at the macroalgal beds, supporting the important trophic role of drifting algae. Our results revealed the recoveries
of the macroalgal community and trophic structure at the restored habitat. Further studies on colonization of early settlers
and the following succession progress are needed to better understand the process and recovery rate in the developing benthic
community. 相似文献
486.
全球气候变化已经影响到人类生存环境的方方面面.全球升温及其幅度的区域差异,必然引起降水在区域分布的变化.文章利用160站点的夏季降水资料,分别计算出各个站点1951-2002年的变化斜率,以展示我国各地在这半个世纪中的降水总趋势变化的区域差异.通过分析发现,降水量总的变化趋势存在着随纬度而变化的规律:31°N以北区域近半个世纪降水量总的变化趋势是减少,31°N以南地区降水量以增加为主.40°N以北地区的降水变化幅度相对要小得多.区域上,中国西北和东南存在一个降水增多的趋势.中国降水的区域变化,在季风区受季风强弱变化影响;在非季风区,受西风强弱变化影响. 相似文献
487.
氧化钆掺杂二氧化钛催化超声降解甲基橙的研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
用实验室合成的Gd2O3掺杂TiO2为催化剂,以甲基橙超声降解反应为模型,研究了各种因素对Gd2O3掺杂TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙的影响。研究结果表明,Gd2O3掺杂TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙的效果明显优于非掺杂的锐钛矿型TiO2的情况;在甲基橙溶液pH1.0~3.0、甲基橙质量浓度20mg/L、溶液用量100mL、催化剂用量0.5~1.0g/L的条件下,用输出功率1.0W/cm^2和频率25kHz的超声波照射60min,甲基橙降解率可达98.6%,COD去除率可达99.0%。 相似文献
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为保障内孤立波作用下的深水半潜式钻井平台-隔水管系统的安全,同时解决海洋平台系统设备失效数据的缺失问题,提出1种风险优先系数(RPN)与贝叶斯(BN)结合的定量风险分析方法。首先,基于故障树和安全屏障方法,建立平台-隔水管系统Bow tie模型和贝叶斯风险演化模型;其次,根据贝叶斯推断和风险优先系数中的事故发生频度估计,得到平台-隔水管系统失效事故的发生概率;最后,通过贝叶斯网络的逆向推理能力辨识内孤立波作用下引起平台-隔水管系统失效的主要风险节点,实现对平台-隔水管系统失效事故的定量风险分析。结果表明:RPN-BN法可应用于平台-隔水管系统遇内波的定量风险分析;加强对平台漂移量的控制,提高动力定位系统控制设备的可靠性可有效抵御内波对系统造成的影响。 相似文献
490.
油气站场一般设置有紧急停车系统(ESD)等存在操作员介入的非常规安全仪表功能(SIF),为解决已有的安全完整性等级(SIL)评估方法不能针对此类SIF进行功能安全评价的情况。对存在操作员介入的非常规SIF进行研究,将其中的人为因素细分为观察、决策和执行3个阶段;根据各类人因可靠性分析方法优缺点,筛选CREAM和HCR方法分别分析紧急情景环境和应急响应时间对非常规SIF人因失效概率的影响,建立考虑人因可靠性的SIL验证模型;基于此模型选取某输油站典型SIF开展SIL评估,分析人因失效对SIF整体可靠性的影响水平,并提出改善措施。结果表明:将操作员应急响应过程中的人因失效概率引入传统的SIL验证模型中,可实现对非常规SIF的功能安全评价;人因失效对非常规SIF具有显著影响,筛选的人因可靠性模型可准确计算人因失效概率。 相似文献