基于BCV模型与我国规范对中美场地类别的研究∗

场地类别是重要的工程参数,由于中国与欧美国家的场地类别划分存在很大不同,但中美场地类别对应关系又有一定的交叉现象。通过对比中美规范,提出我国场地类别换算V_(S30)的核心是需要"我国规范定义的计算深度到30 m之间沿深度的土层剪切波速分布模型"。然后根据目前已有钻孔深度小于30 m的V_(S30)换算公式,选择BCV模型为需要模型,并依据我国场地类别定义及参考实际工程钻孔资料,确定模型参数取值。最后,利用BCV模型得到更广义的与我国各场地类别相应的V_(S30)以及美国场地类别的对应关系。研究结果表明,我国各场地类别与相邻场地类别之间,其V_(S30)范围均出现严重的交叉、重叠现象。"在我国规范定义的计算深度到30 m,剪切波速大于500m/s的岩层不参与我国场地类别定义,但参与V_(S30)计算"与"等效剪切波速小且薄的覆盖土层会对V_(S30)范围造成大的影响"的双重影响,导致我国与以美国为代表的欧美国家关于场地类别的对应关系极为薄弱。     

Rotary ultrasonic machining of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal: An experimental investigation on surface roughness

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal, widely used for important electro-optic parts, is a typical hard-to-machine material because of its soft, brittle, and anisotropic properties. High quality is usually required for machined surfaces on KDP parts. Reported machining methods for KDP crystal include diamond turning, grinding, magnetorheological finishing, and polishing. Each of these methods has its limitations. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new machining methods for KDP crystal. This paper presents an experimental investigation on surface roughness in rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of KDP. It was found that the surface roughness obtained when using a tool with a chamfered corner was lower than that obtained using tools with right-angle corners. Other process variables (spindle speed, feedrate, and ultrasonic power) also affected the surface roughness obtained.     

北京市丰台科技园Ⅰ期声环境现状研究

高新科技园区是一个地区经济发展的重要推动力量,也是一个地区核心竞争力的集中体现。这些地区集中分布着国家重点的科研机构,他们对声环境有很高的要求。本论文重点对北京市丰台科技园区Ⅰ期的声环境的现状做了测量和分析,测量结果表明园区内的噪声污染是比较严重的,平均达标率不到10％。文章就测量的结果对园区的防噪减噪提出了一些建议。     

珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发

根据收集到的珠江三角洲非道路移动源活动水平数据,采用适合各类非道路移动源污染物排放量的估算方法和排放因子,建立了珠江三角洲地区2006年非道路移动源排放清单.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区2006年非道路移动源排放SO2为6.52×104t,NOx为1.24×105t,VOC为4.54×103t,CO为2.67×104t,PM10为4.51×103t.其中船舶为最大的SO2、NOx、CO和PM10排放贡献源,分别占非道路移动源排放总量的96.4%、73.8%、39.4%和50.5%.在船舶排放源中,SO2、NOx、VOC、CO和PM10排放量的89.8%、81.8%、77.3%、79.5%和81.7%来自货轮和散装干货船.非道路移动源已成为该地区第三大SO2和NOx排放贡献源,分别占珠江三角洲大气污染源SO2和NOx排放总量的8.6%和13.5%.     

Predicting the impacts of climate change on nonpoint source pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed using artificial neural network

This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of analyzing the e ects of climate change on nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runo discharge was estimated using ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were applied to analyze the e ects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runo discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads.     

绿色合成膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cd(Ⅱ)

工业生产中Cd(Ⅱ)对水体的危害,本文合成了两种新型吸附剂,纳米零价铁(nZVI)和膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁(EG-nZVI).利用FESEM、EDS、TEM、XRD、FTIR及BET比表面积测定对nZVI和EG-nZVI进行表征,探讨了二者对溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果.结果 表明,含有100 mg·L-1Cd(Ⅱ)溶液,nZVI和EG-nZVI的投加量分别达到0.4 mg·L-1和2 mg·L-1,在超声波辅助的条件下,常温、pH 8、反应30 min时,Cd(Ⅱ)去除率分别为56.3％和78.4％.EG-nZVI和nZVI去除Cd (Ⅱ)过程均符合伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型;将吸附剂置于空气中不同时间,测定结果显示EG-nZVI对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除活性明显高于nZVI,说明EG-nZVI较nZVI有更高的去除效能和稳定性.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion in the Tibetan Plateau from 1984 to 2013北大核心CSCD

Soil erosion has a critical effect on ecological security and socioeconomics, which may deteriorate ecosystem services and common human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was applied to assess soil erosion from 1984 to 2013 in the Tibetan Plateau and analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion intensity. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial variation rates of soil erosion were explored across different ecosystems. The results indicated that the annual soil erosion fuctuated in the Tibetan Plateau, the soil erosion intensity decreased from south to north, and the most serious soil erosion was mainly distributed in the southern Tibetan Plateau (Xigaze and Changdu regions, Lhasa, and north of the Shannan region). The soil erosion intensity was higher in shrub, alpine meadow, and sparse vegetation ecosystems. The highest soil erosion was found in alpine meadow (2.17 × 1010 t), followed by alpine grassland (1.59 × 1010 t) and sparse vegetation (1.30 × 1010 t) ecosystems. Meanwhile, although the most serious soil erosion intensity was found in the regions of 3 000-4 000 m altitude, the soil erosion was mainly observed in the regions of 4 000-5 000 m altitude. In the three most recent decades, annual soil erosion decreased at a rate of-1.78 × 108 t/a. Additionally, soil erosion mainly increased in south of the Qiangtang Plateau and in the periphery of the Qaidam basin. Decreased soil erosion was mainly found along the Hengduan Mountains, central Himalayas. Although the increased annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) had positive effects for soil protection, changes in soil erosion was mainly controlled by the change of annual precipitation. Thus, the fragility of ecological systems and increased rainfall erosivity accounted for the obviously increased soil erosion in the alpine grassland ecosystem (1.19 × 10 t/a). However, increased ecosystem stability and decreased rainfall erosivity contributed to the decreased soil erosion in forest and shrub ecosystems, by-0.77 × 10 t/a and-1.65 × 10 t/a, respectively. The slightly decreased rainfall erosivity accounted for a decrease of soil erosion in the sparse vegetation ecosystem (-0.44 × 10 t/a). Meanwhile, soil erosion has decreased in the alpine meadow ecosystem over the past 30 years, which may owing to the relatively higher NDVI that neutralized the increase of rainfall erosivity to some extent. This study revealed serious soil erosion regions and ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau and explored possible reasons for variations in soil erosion in different ecosystems, which may provide a scientific reference for soil erosion conservation and control in the near future. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

微量滴定法测定微痕量铀的研究及应用

在磷酸介质中,试样经硫酸亚铁铵、亚硝酸钠、尿素预处理后,铀为4价,以二苯基联苯胺二磺酸钠为指示剂,用标准钒酸铵滴定至微红色,实现了不经分离与富集直接测定。ｎ×10－5g／g以上的痕量铀的微量滴定分析。方法简便、快速、廉价,环境污染少。     

Enhanced biohydrogen generation from organic wastewater containing NH 4 + by phototrophic bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides AR-3

NH ₄ ⁺ is typically an inhibitor to hydrogen production from organic wastewater by photo-bacteria. In this experiment, biohydrogen generation with wild-type anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroideswas found to be sensitive to NH ₄ ⁺ due to the significant inhibition of NH ₄ ⁺ to its nitrogenase. In order to avoid the inhibition of NH ₄ ⁺ to biohydrogen generation by R. sphaeroides, a glutamine auxotrophic mutant R. sphaeroides AR-3 was obtained by mutagenizing with ethyl methane sulfonate. The AR-3 mutant could generate biohydrogen efficiently in the hydrogen production medium with a higher NH ₄ ⁺ concentration, because the inhibition of NH ₄ ⁺ to nitrogenase of AR-3 was released. Under suitable conditions, AR-3 effectively produced biohydrogen from tofu wastewater, which normally contains 50–60 mg/L NH ₄ ⁺ , with an average generation rate of 14.2 mL/L·h. This generation rate was increased by more than 100% compared with that from wild-type R. sphaeroides.     

主分量分析法在环境空气监测数据分析中的应用

根据西宁市13个环境空气监测站点2013—2017年大气污染物细颗粒物(PM2. 5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)、臭氧最大8 h平均(O_3-8h)和一氧化碳(CO)的监测数据,采用主分量分析法对西宁市环境空气质量进行了综合评估。结果表明,2013—2017年西宁市大部分环境空气监测站点周边环境空气质量逐渐提升,4个国控站综合得分(F)趋势变化幅度较大,其周边环境空气质量状况改善较为明显;城南新区、湟源县气象局和西钢监测站点周边环境空气质量呈逐年下降趋势,与其附近工业生产有关。