表面活性剂洗脱含油污泥中的机油

采用表面活性剂洗脱法去除含油污泥中的机油,考察了4种表面活性剂对含油污泥的洗脱效果.实验结果表明:当以质量浓度为100 mg/L吐温80为洗脱剂、洗脱时间为4h、洗脱温度为25℃、溶液pH为6时,溶液中油质量浓度最大,为1 293.68 mg/L,此时含油污泥中油的洗脱率为86.25％;无机离子的加入总体上减小了表面活...     

Congener-specific approach to human PCB concentrations by serum analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate all congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human serum samples. Concentrations of all PCB congeners in the serum of 87 volunteers were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The participants consisted of 47 males and 40 females, including 25 men working at municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). The mean concentrations of total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs were 242.77ng/g lipid (median: 180.17ng/g lipid) and 18.57ng/g lipid (median: 15.34ng/g lipid), respectively. Penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorinated biphenyls contributed more than 80% of the total PCBs detected in human serum. Congener-specific analysis indicated that PCB153, PCB138, PCB180, PCB187, and PCB118 contributed 57.3% of the total PCBs detected in human serum samples. A statistical analysis was performed to determine whether there were significant correlations between PCB concentrations and specific variables such as age, gender, smoking habits, occupation, and body mass index (BMI). However, serum PCB concentrations correlated only with age. In addition, we found that total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs highly correlated with PCB153 (correlation coefficient r=0.93, p<0.01) and PCB118 (correlation coefficient r=0.98, p<0.01), respectively. Thus these two congeners could be satisfactory indicators for total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs in human serum.     

The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of agricultural insect pests. The effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (NSKEaq), ethanol (NSKEeth) and hexane (NSKEhex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were investigated. When fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of BPH nymphs is affected. Comparisons were made with the pure neem limonoid, azadirachtin (AZA) to ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. AZA was most potent in all experiments and produced almost 100% nymphal mortality at 0.5 ppm and higher concentrations. When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting. At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, disturbed growth and abnormalities were then likely to occur in the moulting process. Nymphs that were chronically exposed to neem extract showed a reduction in weight (45-60%). The results clearly indicate the simple NSKE (aqueous, ethanolic or both), containing low concentrations of AZA, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival of BPH.     

腾发覆盖垃圾填埋场覆盖层机理试验研究及结构分析

研究了腾发覆盖垃圾场覆盖层水平衡机理并探讨了植物、土质和厚度调节对控制覆盖层水均衡的作用.6组腾发覆盖试验结果表明,腾发作用在覆盖层水量平均过程中起关键作用,覆盖层土壤水分耗散与叶面积指数表现出非线性增长关系;植物生长条件下覆盖层土壤水分总耗散量可以达到无植物覆盖情况下的3.3～4.5倍,60 cm覆盖厚度、植物生长条件下能够提供97.2 mm的土壤水库容积,而无植物生长情况下有效库容仅为62.8 mm; 降雨入渗在覆盖层中表现出非均匀运动特性,流动区域随深度的增加而呈指数递减的趋势,20、40和60 mm降雨条件下最大入渗深度与平均入渗深度的比值分别为3.65、1.77和1.40,表明土壤水库容量不仅取决于覆盖层土壤质地,厚度和初始含水率,并且与降雨量有关,非均匀入渗是植物生长条件下渗沥产生的主要原因.Hydrus-2D模拟覆盖层水均衡要素动态结果显示,相比粘土,选用砂壤性土壤能够更为有效利用腾发作用的调节和控制覆盖层水分,达到控制渗沥的目的.     

信息量融入GA优化SVM模型下的地质灾害易发性评价

地质灾害易发性评价是防灾减灾工作部署、灾害预警以及风险管控的基础,针对评价因子在量纲、性质等方面的差异以及评价模型的适用性、准确性等问题,以陕西省子长市作为研究区,引入信息量(information value, INF)模型与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA),提出一种信息量融入GA优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machines, SVM)模型的地质灾害易发性评价方法。首先,从研究区的地形地貌、地质环境、生态环境三个方面选取坡度、坡向、河流距离、土地利用类型等9个评价因子,利用INF模型将各评价因子量纲进行统一,构建样本数据集;然后,利用GA迭代求解SVM关键参数c和g的最优值;最后,将全区点集属性数据代入训练好的模型中求解并输出子长市地质灾害易发性指数值,将该值代入ArcGIS软件得到地质灾害易发性区划图,并采用受试者工作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic, ROC)曲线对模型预测结果的精度进行检验。结果表明：采用信息量融入GA优化SVM模型得到的子长市地质灾害易发性评价结果的准确率为93%,优于INF模型和...     

绿色经济与绿色GNP

给出了绿色经济与绿色GNP的科学内涵,论述了其演进过程,提出了构建绿色经济体系的主要对策,其中包括:调整产业结构的力度要不断加强,绿色技术和清洁生产工艺的应用与推广,推进清洁生产和ISO14000认证,研究适应绿色革命的理论与实践问题.      

基于Bow-Tie技术的民用机场安全风险分析应用研究

民用运输机场具有运行环境复杂、事故成因复杂、驻场单位众多等特点,其事故成因更具有动态性、隐蔽性、综合性和因果连带性。因此,机场的日常运行安全风险分析一般需要借助多种工具才能完成。本文系统的介绍了一种实用的风险分析方法-Bow-tie风险技术,Bow-tie是一种风险分析和风险管理的工具,通过识别和评估风险、分析风险因素、设置风险屏障、采取风险控制和(减缓)恢复措施,有效预防事故发生。该方法可以对危害事件发生的原因、后果、屏障建立是否充足提供一个可视化的评估。本文就Bow-tie技术在民用机场安全风险中的具体实施步骤进行了描述,最后给出了其在民用机场风险分析中应用的一个实例,并就其可行性和实际应用进行了系统的研究。Bow-tie风险技术是集故障树、事件树和圆葱图理论相结合的系统风险分析及量化技术,对组织缺陷以及人为失误占主导因素的民用机场运行安全风险分析,具有较高的应用价值。     

对我国环保产业与产业化的思考

从实施《中国21世纪议程》的需要出发,在介绍产业及产业化概念的基础上提出并论述了环保产业的新概念和环保产业产生的背景,进而论述了加快环保科技成果产业化的必要条件,最后提出近期需要研究的几个重要课题。      

《环境保护技术政策要点》的实施评估分析

从《环境保护技术政策要点》颁布实施十年来的执行程度、执行效果和执行中所存在的问题等3个方面,对《政策要点》的实施进行了评估。评估表明:《政策要点》的颁布实施,对控制我国的环境污染和生态破坏起到了积极的作用。但是,需要根据可持续发展战略和环境保护新目标,制定面向21世纪的中国环境保护技术政策。      

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直变化特征研究

水体沉积物中的酸溶性硫化物 (AVS)极易与二价金属阳离子反应生成难溶金属硫化物 ,从而控制沉积物中二价有毒金属的化学活性和生物有效性 .测定沉积物中的AVS和同步提取金属 (SEM) ,依据SEM AVS的比值可作为判定重金属生物有效性的良好指标 .通过对太湖梅梁湾 2个不同站点沉积物中AVS与SEM随深度分布的研究得出 :①AVS含量随着深度的加深先上升后降低 ,SEM含量随深度的加深呈逐渐降低趋势 ;②SEM AVS只在最表层 (0～ 2cm)大于 1,低于这一层都小于 1.③在表层沉积物 (0～ 2cm)中 ,可能存在重金属生物毒性效应 .但对于单个金属而言 ,Ni、Cu具有产生毒性作用的潜能 ,而Zn、Pb对沉积物中的生物不具有毒性 .