Total suspended particulate matter and toxic elements indoors during cooking with yak dung

Many herders in the Tibetan Plateau still inherit the traditional lifestyle, including living in tents and burning yak dung for fuel. This short correspondence reports a pilot study on indoor air quality in the nomadic tents in the Nam Co region, inland Tibetan Plateau. The results showed very high concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP), averaging at 4.45 mg m^?3 during the cooking/heating period (with daily value of 3.16 mg m^?3). Elevated concentrations of toxic element Cd, As and Pb were also found within the tents, averaging 3.16 μg m^?3, 35.00 μg m^?3, and 81.39 μg m^?3 for a day, respectively, which were not only far higher than those of WHO indoor air quality guidelines, but also more than 10⁴–10⁶ times higher than the outdoor air level in the Nam Co area. The study raises serious concerns over the health of Tibetan herders following their long-term exposure to the tent air.     

从矿区土壤中筛选微生物对Pb2+、Zn2+吸附的研究

从铅锌矿区土壤中分离到12株细菌和lO株真菌,通过其干菌体对Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附试验,筛选出具有较强生物吸附能力的细菌菌株B6和真菌菌株F1.探讨了pH值、吸附时间、菌量和Pb2+、Zn2+的初始浓度对B6和F1菌株的吸附影响,结果表明:2株菌对Ph2+、Zn2+吸附是一个快速的过程,pH值为5.0～6.0是菌体吸附的较适范围.Pb2+、Zn2+初始浓度在150～300 mg/L内,B6和F1菌株吸附效果明显.当B6菌株的菌最超过0.1 g,F1菌株的菌量超过0.2 g后吸附率趋于平缓.应用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线研究,Langmuir吸附等温线更为适合模拟B6和F1菌株的吸附过程.B6和Fl菌株吸附Pb"、zn"的动力学过程都可以用准二级动力学方程进行描述.16S rDNA基因序列分析表明,B6菌株属于里拉微球菌(Micrococcus lylae).用形态及理化特征鉴定,F1菌株属于镰刀霉菌属(Fusarium sp.).     

大连湾污染排放总量控制研究：海湾纳污能力计算模型

基于质量守恒原理和线性迭加原理，导出了受纳水域对污染源的响应关系，建立了海域污染总量控制的计算模式，计算了大连湾的容许入海负荷总量，各排污口的污染分担率和削减率，为大连湾污染源治理提供了科学依据。     

京津廊城市气团光化学污染潜势分析

选取京津廊三市交界处,于2019年和2021年的7月开展PAN (过氧乙酰硝酸酯)在线监测、空间来源解析与反应产率研究,以评估北京、天津、廊坊不同城市气团的光化学污染潜势及近年变化趋势.观测结果表明,三市交界处2021年夏季PAN浓度均值(0.89±0.21)×10^-9,较2019年同期(2.45±0.71)×10^-9下降63.8%.PAN在夏季大气寿命很短,其在该观测点浓度主要受周边城市气团光化学反应控制,其产率呈现明显双峰特征,峰值水平在2019年和2021年的7月分别为3.08×10^-9/h、1.75×10^-9/h,2021年较2019年下降43.18%,与PAN的年际变化趋势吻合.该观测点PAN的潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)高值区在2个观测月均出现在东南方向50km范围内,显示了天津市气团输送对该观测点PAN浓度的显著贡献.当该观测点受天津城市气团绝对影响时,PAN生成潜势和前体物NO₂均呈最高水平,约为受北京城市气团影响时的2.03倍和2.01倍,为受廊坊城市气团影响时的1.53和1.21倍.可见,天津城市气团具有最高的光化学污染潜势,其与北京气团的差异主要源自NO_x,而与廊坊气团的差异则来自NO_x和VOCs两类前体物.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物生物降解动力学

用改进的鼓泡衰变实验装置,对五种邻苯二甲酸酯进行生物降解反应动力学研究。发现氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)是降解这类化合物的有效菌种,除邻苯二甲酸二辛酯外,其它四种在经过28天反应之后,降解率在98%以上。生物降解反应速率符合一级反应动力学方程。     

重庆市大气TSP中重金属分布特征

分析了重庆市主城 7区渝中区、九龙坡区、渝北区、南岸区、江北区、沙坪坝区以及清洁对照区 (北碚区 )的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)监测结果。结果表明 :重庆市 7区中 ,只有渝中区和北碚区达到国家二级标准 ,而九龙坡区、渝北区、江北区、南岸区和沙坪坝区均超过国家二级标准 (<0 .2 mg/ m3) ,说明重庆市颗粒物污染严重 ,空气质量不容乐观。用等离子体发射光谱仪 (ICP- AES)测定分析了 TSP中 5种重金属 ,结果显示 :九龙坡区 Cd和 Pb含量平均值最高分别为 0 .0 1 2 1μg/ m3,0 .4632μg/ m3,Zn的含量渝中区最高为 1 .52 2 5μg/m3,Cu和 Cr的含量沙坪坝区最高分别为 0 .1 2 96μg/ m3、0 .471 9μg/ m3。富集因子法分析结果显示 :主城 7区 TSP中 5种重金属的富集系数均大于 1 0 ,而且大 1～ 3个数量级 ,说明重庆市的重金属污染主要来自于人类活动。     

Method to estimate the required oxygen amount and aeration period for the completion of landfill aeration

To reliably predict field operation performance derived from lab-based tests, it is very important to observe and consider all the specific landfill-site properties. The purpose of this study was to suggest and discuss the availability of batch and lysimeter tests to estimate the oxygen amount and the aeration period. To achieve this purpose, a comparison between lab test (batch and lysimeter tests) and full-scale applications was conducted. This study showed that aerobic batch and lysimeter tests could be used to estimate the amount of oxygen (mg-O₂/g-DM) required to bio-stabilize landfilled wastes within a short period of time. In addition, aeration periods necessary to reach the target value can be calculated by a first-order kinetic depending on moisture content. Therefore, this study suggests that when applying in situ aeration processes to field-scale landfills, the amount of aeration required to bio-stabilize landfilled wastes has to be determined by the aerobic batch test, and then the aeration period required to reach the target value can be calculated by a reliable monitoring of the oxygen concentration in a landfill site in combination with the first-order kinetic.     

荷兰泰尔斯海灵岛发展生态旅游研究

随着游客人数的日益增加,在传统旅游理念的路线下,生态环境承载力已无法承受旅游业所带来的影响,生态环境已遭受了不可挽回的破坏。就此,实施生态旅游成为了必然选择。以实施生态旅游的荷兰泰尔斯海灵岛为例,找出实施生态旅游的重要环节,总结出实施生态旅游的主要组成。根据调研结果,生态旅游的实施重点在于对大众及社会的生态意识宣教,只有大众及社会的生态意识提高到一定高度,才能从根本上彻底实施生态旅游之路。同时,大众生态意识决定着生态旅游实施的总进程。     

Synthesis of a novel humic acid-based polycarboxylic dispersant for coal water slurry

A novel humic acid-based polycarboxylic-type (HAP) dispersant for coal–water slurry (CWS) was successfully synthesized in aqueous solution from the copolymerization of HA, acrylic acid and maleic acid. The structure of HAP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) and ¹H NMR. With HAP as a dispersant for Linfen coal slurry, the effects of the mass ratio of HA and monomer, initiator concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time on the HAP dispersant performance were discussed by examining the apparent viscosity of CWS. The results showed that CWS prepared withHAP dispersant performed excellent dispersity and stability. When the dosage of HAP was up to 0.5 wt.%, the apparent viscosity of CWS was 505 mPa·s. Experiments on the stability of CWS containing 0.5 wt.% HAP demonstrated that the penetration ratio reached 85.45 % after 96 h, which was higher by 12.87 % than that of CWS prepared with HA. And the CWS produced with HAP had lower dewatering rate within the storage time, which was less 1.85 % than that of CWS with HA when the storage time was 72 h. Furthermore, the maximum coal content of CWS with 0.5 wt.% HAP may reached 70 wt.%. This work found a new route for utilizing humic acid and enlarged the selecting range of the dispersant for CWS. It has a positive significance for protection of environment.