Kinetic modeling of fenton oxidation of phenol and monochlorophenols

A kinetic model, consisting of 28 reactions, was proposed to understand the key mechanism of the Fenton oxidation of phenol and o-, m-, and p-chlorophenols. Particular attention is paid to the interactions of the organic intermediates with the Fe species. The proposed model reasonably predicts the decomposition kinetics and by-product formation for the different phenols at widely varying levels of Fe2+, H2O2, and the phenols. For the phenols and intermediates, change in concentrations with time was predicted within 20-30% deviation from the measured data. The single model predicts the overall kinetics of Fenton oxidation of all the tested phenols by adjusting the rate constant of hydroxyl radical for each phenol. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the key reactions are those that directly govern the levels of OH radical and Fe2+. Both the model prediction and the experimental results show that the decomposition rate could be complicated particularly by the availability of Fe2+. Understanding the interactions of the organic intermediates with Fe2+ is thus of critical importance to improve the decomposition performance.     

基于SWAT模型的流域河道硝酸盐δ15N和δ18O模拟

为提升流域地表水硝酸盐溯源方法的可靠性,于2013~2015年在釜溪河流域,对流域水文和水质过程进行了连续监测,同步测定了流域内主要污染源和干支流河道硝酸盐δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O.基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟了陆面水文和河道水文过程中的氨氮(NH_4~+)和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)迁移转化过程,在此基础上,耦合河道中硝酸盐~(15)N和~(18)O掺混、转化和分馏机制,发展了流域河道硝酸盐δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O模拟方法.结果表明,河道中硝酸盐δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O主要受流域内污染源以及不同水文期径流条件变化的影响,不同污染源同位素掺混过程对于同位素丰度变化的贡献率为82.74%,氮素转化过程中同位素分馏的贡献率为16.26%,SWAT模拟NH_4~+和NO_3~-浓度偏差对δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O模拟误差的影响为10.44%.由于降雨中硝酸盐δ~(18)O的变化范围显著地超过δ~(15)N的变化范围,以及河道硝酸盐18O来源复杂性,δ~(18)O模拟误差平均较δ~(15)N偏大18.72%.所提出的方法模拟河道硝酸盐的δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O结果的系统误差和偏差小于10%和15%.所提出的流域河道硝酸盐δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O模拟方法具有明确的物理意义,为河道氮素正向溯源提供了方法支撑.     

基于模糊聚类分析的矿业城市地表水环境质量评价

文章介绍了模糊聚类分析法,并运用此方法对位于阜新境内的辽河支流——柳河、绕阳河和养息牧河的地表水环境监测断面进行了聚类分析。在9个监测断面中,受污染最严重的断面位于养息牧河下游方向,此断面中,氨氮、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量的污染指数均严重超标。研究结果表明,辽河流域阜新段地表水水质己受到严重污染,不可以作为饮用水源地水源。聚类分析结果与实际污染情况相吻合,能客观地反映多因子共同作用下的地表水环境质量状况,这为制定辽河水环境治理方案和宏观决策提供了必要的科学依据。     

针对高溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数的地表水水质评估方法研究

在进行水体研究的过程中,选择适当的评估方法对水体进行评估必不可少。为寻找更加适用于高溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数较高的水体的水质评估模式,在分析现有水质评估方法的基础上,对评价安全性最高的单因子评价法和最能体现生态修复能力的有机污染综合指数评价法进行了比较分析,建立了单因子-有机污染综合指数耦合方法,建立了基于两种方法联合使用的水质分析模式。利用监测数据,分析了该模型应用于高溶解氧与高锰酸盐指数的地表水水质评估的可行性。结果表明,该方法适用于高溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数的地表水水质评估。     

基于卫星遥感数据(AOD)估算PM2.5的研究进展

雾霾天气的频繁出现,不断向人们警示中国大气环境污染的严重性.细颗粒物PM2.5作为空气质量评价指标之一,由于粒径小、为有毒性物质提供载体的特性,对人们的健康和生活产生很大的负面影响.近年来,PM2.5的相关研究引起了世界各国研究者的广泛关注,通过地基手段获得PM2.5质量浓度受到环境、地理等因素的限制,而利用卫星遥感技术估算地面PM2.5质量浓度,覆盖面广、估算精度可靠,对环境污染监测和治理具有重要意义.在综合了国内外关于气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)估算PM2.5文献的基础上,对AOD和PM2.5的数据源和估算的方法及手段作了简要介绍,分析总结了AOD与PM2.5相关性与PM2.5遥感估算的模型,并展望了未来PM2.5研究的发展方向.     

大塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料

综述了大塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料的发展、常用方法及其工作原理,介绍了大塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料应满足的基本条件,并在此基础上论述了大塑性变形法的实际应用,指出了目前大塑性变形法在制备块体纳米材料时存在的问题.     

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the phosphorus-limited southern Chinese coastal waters

Three fractions of alkaline phosphatase activity(APA), including phytoplankton APA(phyto-APA), bacterial APA(bact-APA), and free-APA, were examined in the sea surface microlayer(SML) and the subsurface water(SSW) from Daya Bay, Guishan Island, and Guanghai Bay of southern China. Relationships between APA and environmental parameters were analyzed. The growth of phytoplankton was significantly limited by dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) in the three sea areas, especially in Daya Bay. TotalAPA ranged between 1.41 and 35.26 nmol/L/hr, and the highest value was found in Daya Bay. The increased APA in Daya Bay was the result of the increase of phytoplankton biomass and the response of phytoplankton to P limitation. Phyto-APA was the main contributor in Daya Bay, while phyto-and free-APA co-dominated in Guishan Island and Guanghai Bay. Bact-, phyto-, and total-APA showed a significant inverse power function relationship with DIP, and 0.2 μmol/L was the threshold for DIP on particulates and totalAPA. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that DIP limitation together with high N levels enhanced APA. High water temperature and freshwater input accelerated APA as well.Principal component analysis clearly separated samples from the three sea areas, as well as from the SML and the SSW, which indicated the differences in environmental parameters and APA levels. Our results highlight the influence of phosphorus limitation and environmental parameters on APA.     

调整农村能源结构是改善西部农业生态环境的核心问题之一

农村能源建设是农业生态系统的中心枢纽之一，通过小型高效沼气池发酵，一方面，改善了我国绝大部分地区农户用能结构及居住环境条件，促使农民的传统生活习惯向现代文明转变，提高农民的生活质量。另一方面，可减少薪柴的樵采，保护植树造林成果，提高森林覆盖率，治理水土流失，实现农作物秸杆的合理利用，增加土壤有机质，改善农业生态环境，促进农业可持续发展。     

Pre-oxidation and coagulation of textile wastewater by the Fenton process

This paper evaluates the Fenton process, involving oxidation and coagulation, for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic textile wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and a reactive dyestuff, R94H. The experimental variables studied include dosages of iron salts and hydrogen peroxide, oxidation time, mixing speed and organic content. The results show that color was removed mainly by Fenton oxidation. The color removal reached a maximum of 90% at a reaction time of 5 min under low dosages of H2O2 and Fe2+. In contrast, the COD was removed primarily by Fenton coagulation, rather than by Fenton oxidation. The ratio of removal efficiency between Fenton process and ferric coagulation was 5.6 for color removal and 1.2 for COD removal. It is concluded that Fenton process for the treatment of textile wastewater favors the removal of color rather than COD.