海洋生态文明建设背景下的海洋资源经济与海洋战略

发展海洋经济,建设海洋强国,需要从国家战略角度关心海洋、认识海洋、经略海洋。为了系统认知海洋生态文明建设背景下我国海洋资源经济与海洋战略,邀请了九位来自海洋相关领域的知名专家,就海洋生态文明建设、海洋国土空间规划、海洋生态牧场建设、海岸带生态修复、海洋战略性新兴产业、海洋科技发展、深海矿产资源开发、海洋地缘政治和中国参与全球海洋治理等前沿研究领域进行了交流访谈。结果认为：（1）海洋生态文明建设是海洋强国建设的重要组成部分,海洋生态文明建设要明确美丽海洋建设目标、掌握海洋生态系统方法、坚持陆海统筹重大谋略、构筑海洋生态文明制度体系。（2）国家海洋空间规划要整合现有涉海规划,合理开发、利用与保护海洋资源,创新规划技术与规划治理理念,强化海洋空间管制指标、海洋空间发展能力和海洋空间治理地方特色机制等方面的创新。（3）海洋牧场建设要聚焦产业链条,推进“全域型”海洋牧场建设;强化原创驱动,构建“全域型”海洋牧场技术体系;倡导融合发展,培育“全域型”海洋牧场新业态。（4）“以自然恢复为主”的海岸带生态修复强调运用陆海交错区域空间布局优化和资源管理优化的技术,充分考虑海岸带生态系统自然恢复的过程和机理,提高生态修复的效率。（5）海洋战略性新兴产业的发展要把握数字经济大势,着力发展智能制造,加快升级产业结构,坚持绿色低碳发展,主动衔接区域战略。（6）海洋科技未来发展的重点任务是聚焦深海、极地战略新领域,提升关键海域实时精细观测和预报能力,聚焦海洋资源、能源集约利用,加强海工装备关键核心技术研发。（7）深海矿产资源开发需加强国际合作,开展多学科调查、长周期监测,加强深海开发技术研发,评估深海采矿环境影响,减少深海开发过程对海洋环境的扰动,实现深海采矿和深海环境保护的协调发展。（8）我国需要实施一种空间差异化且有针对性的海洋地缘战略,服务于台湾统一和领土争端、服务于海洋权益维护和海洋资源利用,服务于海洋运输安全和海洋生态环境安全,并最终服务于海洋命运共同体构建。（9）实施中国海洋空间规划技术输出“走出去”战略、积极推进中国海外园区“节点网络体系”构建战略、实施面向“一带一路”倡议需求的人才培养和实训战略,为全球海洋治理提供必要的空间支点和技术支撑。     

Understanding why consumers in China switch between wild,farmed, and synthetic bear bile products

An important rationale for legally farmed and synthetic wildlife products is that they reduce illegal, wild-sourced trade by supplying markets with sustainable alternatives. For this to work, more established illegal-product consumers must switch to legal alternatives than new legal-product consumers switch to illegal wild products. Despite the widespread debate on the magnitude and direction of switching, studies among actual consumers are lacking. We used an anonymous online survey of 1421 traditional Chinese medicine consumers in China to investigate switching among legal farmed, synthetic, and illegal wild bear bile. We examined the past consumption behavior, applied a discrete choice experiment framed within worsening hypothetical disease scenarios, and used latent class models to investigate groups with shared preferences. Bear bile consumers (86% respondents) were wealthier, more likely to have family who consumed bile, and less knowledgeable about bile treatments than nonconsumers. Consumer preferences were heterogenous, but most consumer preferences switched between bile types as disease worsened. We identified five distinct latent classes within our sample: law-abiding consumers (34% respondents), who prefer legal products and were unlikely to switch; two all-natural consumer groups (53%), who dislike synthetics but may switch between farmed and wild; and two nonconsumer groups (12%), who prefer not to buy bile. People with past experience of bile consumption had different preferences than those without. Willingness to switch to wild products was related to believing they were legal, although the likelihood of switching was mediated by preferences for cheaper products sold in legal, familiar places. We found that consumers of wild bile may switch to legal alternatives, given the availability of a range of products, whereas legal-product consumers may switch to illegal products if the barriers to doing so are small. Understanding preferences that promote or impede switching should be a key consideration when attempting to predict consumer behavior in complex wildlife markets.     

无人机在重大自然灾害中的应用与探讨

重大自然灾害往往会造成重灾区信息通讯中断和道路交通破坏,灾情传递受阻将导致抢险救灾盲目部署,继而造成更大的损失和次生灾害。因此,获取灾情成为重大自然灾害抢险救灾的首要问题。无人驾驶飞机(简称无人机)是一种新工具,能够越过山川河流阻隔,通过摄影、摄像或其他遥感手段获取灾情。通过在北川县曲山镇等地震灾区进行无人机获取灾害信息实验,在2010年玉树地震抢险救灾工作中实现了高原灾区无人机首次航拍,获取的高清图片为划分灾区范围提供了重要依据。鉴于上述实践和探索,介绍了无人机性能和影响无人机摄影的诸多因素,如天气条件、无人机航带航迹和高度、航片重叠率、图片拼接及校正等,对相机与地面影像分辨率的关系进行了介绍,还通过航拍图片和地面图片比对,总结出建筑物倒塌破坏识别的基本要则。     

MnOx和CeO2催化剂在含NO气氛中氧化模拟碳烟的研究

用沉淀法制备了MnOx和CeO2两种催化剂并用于氧化模拟碳烟.XRD、BET、O2-TPD和NO-TPD表征结果表明,CeO2的比表面积和NOx吸附容量更大,而MnOx则具有更多的氧物种(晶格氧O2-).TPO结果表明,气氛中引入的NO明显促进了碳烟的氧化.在无催化剂、加入CeO2和MnOx3种情况下,模拟碳烟的起燃温度Ti分别降低了38、41和101℃.DRIFTs结果表明,催化剂活性氧物种和反应过程中生成的NO3-是NO促进碳烟燃烧的关键因子.可能的反应路径为:低温富氧条件下气相中的O2吸附在催化剂表面上,丰富的活性氧物种(如O2-、O2-f和O-)得到激活和转化,进而将弱吸附NO2和活性NO2*氧化成NO3-;在高温时则释放出活性很强的NO2*和O-,因而能促进碳烟氧化,其中间产物为碳氧复合物C(O).     

链篦机-回转窑抽风干燥烟气的净化

链篦机一回转窑法氧化球团工艺是国外较为成熟，国内较为先进的球团生产工艺，其抽风干燥烟气属高温、高湿、高含硫量烟气。对净化抽风干燥烟气采取的主要技术措施进行了介绍，可供类似工程实践参考。     

CAST分段进水强化脱氮工艺特性研究

CAST分段进水强化脱氮工艺技术采用优化运行时序、调整充水比等方法,在污废水处理中利用原水中的有机物作为反硝化碳源,具有较好的脱氮性能,在节省外加碳源投加量的基础上,不仅保持了传统CAST工艺的优点,强化了脱氮效果,并且在系统启动时间、抗冲击能力、污泥负荷承担能力和节能降耗方面也均优于水厂传统的CAST系统,值得大范围推广应用。     

稠油及超稠油污水达标外排处理工艺研究

稠油及超稠油污水具有黏度大、油水密度差小、乳化严重、水温高、水质水量变化大、成分复杂等特点,该废水的B/C小于0.3,属于难生物降解污水.通过试验表明,采用预处理工艺先除油、除悬浮物,再进行生物处理工艺去除可生化降解COD,最后经过深度处理工艺去除残余的难生化降解COD,可保证处理后水质全面达标.     

微污染河水旁路复氧修复效果及污染物去除动力学特征

为改善受污河流水质,保障小城镇饮用水安全,在野外条件下构建DW(跌水池)、SW(深水池)和QW(浅水池)3种装置对微污染河流进行旁路复氧修复,考察不同装置对污染物的去除效果及进水污染物负荷及水力负荷对污染物去除的影响.结果表明,3种旁路复氧修复装置在较高进水ρ(DO)情况下,能够进一步提升ρ(DO),复氧作用表现为QW>DW>SW.DW、SW和QW对NH₄+-N、TN、TP和COD_Mn的平均去除率分别为39.5%~41.8%、1.0%~25.8%、13.8%~16.4%和6.4%~8.8%.污染物出水浓度和进水负荷具有较强的线性关系(R2>0.8);随着水力负荷的降低,污染物去除效果均有所提升.一级动力学模型可以较好地模拟修复系统中水力负荷与污染物去除的关系(R2>0.9).      

Sustainable development strategies for China's Du Jiang Yan Water Resources Project

China's Du Jiang Yan Irrigation Project, dating back to 256 BC, is one of the world's earliest water resources projects. Although it has been benefiting the Sichuan Basin area for over 2000 years, it is facing increasing problems due to ecological deterioration, over-exploitation from local industries and agriculture, suboptimal resource allocation arising from supply and demand mismatches, and an aging infrastructure. The traditional water resources development model is no longer appropriate for current and future needs of the area. Therefore, a sustainable development framework is envisioned in which population, economy and environment coexist in harmony. Within this framework, major strategies, such as construction and renovation of infrastructure, promotion of water conserving irrigation through non-engineering measures, pollution control and ecological improvements, restructuring of management entities and exploration of new funding sources, are proposed. An evaluation system is also introduced to assess the degree of sustainability and to monitor progress towards a high level of sustainable development.