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221.
Andrew C. Mitchell Adrienne J. Phillips Randy Hiebert Robin Gerlach Lee H. Spangler Alfred B. Cunningham 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(1):90-99
In order to develop subsurface CO2 storage as a viable engineered mechanism to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, any potential leakage of injected supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) from the deep subsurface to the atmosphere must be reduced. Here, we investigate the utility of biofilms, which are microorganism assemblages firmly attached to a surface, as a means of reducing the permeability of deep subsurface porous geological matrices under high pressure and in the presence of SC-CO2, using a unique high pressure (8.9 MPa), moderate temperature (32 °C) flow reactor containing 40 millidarcy Berea sandstone cores. The flow reactor containing the sandstone core was inoculated with the biofilm forming organism Shewanella fridgidimarina. Electron microscopy of the rock core revealed substantial biofilm growth and accumulation under high-pressure conditions in the rock pore space which caused >95% reduction in core permeability. Permeability increased only slightly in response to SC-CO2 challenges of up to 71 h and starvation for up to 363 h in length. Viable population assays of microorganisms in the effluent indicated survival of the cells following SC-CO2 challenges and starvation, although S. fridgidimarina was succeeded by Bacillus mojavensis and Citrobacter sp. which were native in the core. These observations suggest that engineered biofilm barriers may be used to enhance the geologic sequestration of atmospheric CO2. 相似文献
222.
Shreeram Inamdar Julia Rupp Myron Mitchell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1458-1473
Abstract: Differences in the storm‐event responses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in streamflow and ground water were evaluated for a glaciated forested watershed in western New York. Eight to ten storm events with varying rainfall amounts, intensities, and antecedent moisture conditions were studied for three catchments (1.6, 3.4, and 696 ha) over a three‐year period (2003‐2005). Concentrations of DOC in streamflow exiting the catchments were significantly higher for storm events following a dry period, whereas no similar response was observed for DON. Highest DON concentrations in streamflow were typically associated with storm events following wet antecedent moisture conditions. In addition to antecedent moisture conditions, DOC concentrations were also positively correlated with precipitation amounts, while DON did not reveal a consistent pattern. Streamwater and ground‐water concentrations of DOC during storm events were also strongly correlated with riparian ground‐water depths but a similar relationship was not observed for DON. Ground‐water DON concentrations were also more variable than DOC. We hypothesized that the differences in DOC and DON responses stemmed from the differences in catchment sources of these solutes. This study suggests that while DOC and DON are intrinsically linked as components of dissolved organic matter, their dynamics and exports from watersheds may be regulated by a different set of mechanisms and factors. Identifying these differences is critical for developing more reliable and robust models for transport of dissolved organic matter. 相似文献
223.
Leith ID Mitchell RJ Truscott AM Cape JN van Dijk N Smith RI Fowler D Sutton MA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(2):237-246
The spatial relationship between the concentration and deposition of the major ions in precipitation and stemflow and their influence on the tissue nitrogen concentration of three epiphytic bryophytes on Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl. and Q. robur L. was investigated at seven UK Atlantic oak woodland sites with a range of total N deposition of 55-250mmolm(-2). The main driver of change in tissue N concentrations of three epiphytic bryophytes (Isothecium myosuroides Brid. (Eurhynchium myosuroides (Brid.) Schp.), Dicranum scoparium Hewd. and Thuidium tamariscinum (Hewd.) Schimp.) was total N deposition in stemflow, dominated by ammonium deposition. The three epiphytic species also showed strong relationships between tissue N concentration and total N deposition in rainfall but a poor correlation with total N ion concentration in rainfall. This study shows that epiphytic bryophytes utilise stemflow N and thus increase their risk from inputs of total N deposition compared to terricolous species at the same site. 相似文献
224.
Sulfate () concentrations and fluxes were studied for multiple storm events in the Point Peter Brook watershed, a glaciated, forested
watershed located in Western New York, USA. Investigations were performed across one large (696 ha) and three small (1.6–3.4 ha)
catchments with varying extent of riparian and wetland areas. Concentrations of in groundwater sources (mean values: 238–910 μmolc L−1) were considerably greater than concentrations recorded for rainfall (60 μmolc L−1) and throughfall (72–129 μmolc L−1). Seasonality in concentrations was most pronounced for valley-bottom riparian waters with maximum concentrations in late winter–spring (February–March)
and a minimum in late summer (August). Concentrations of in wetland water were considerably less than riparian water indicating the likelihood of reduction in anoxic wetland conditions. Storm events displayed a dilution pattern in concentrations with a minimum coinciding with the maximum in throughfall contributions. End member mixing analysis (EMMA)
was able to predict the storm event concentrations of for four of the six comparisons. Concentrations of at the outlet of the large (696 ha) catchment were much greater than values recorded for the smaller catchments. Exports
of in streamflow exceeded the inputs from atmospheric deposition suggesting that watersheds like Point Peter Brook may not show
any immediate response to decreases in atmospheric deposition. 相似文献
225.
Evaluation of health impacts arising from inhalation of pollutant particles <10 μm (PM10) is an active research area. However, lack of exposure data at high spatial resolution impedes identification of causal associations between exposure and illness. Biomagnetic monitoring of PM10 deposited on tree leaves may provide a means of obtaining exposure data at high spatial resolution. To calculate ambient PM10 concentrations from leaf magnetic values, the relationship between the magnetic signal and total PM10 mass must be quantified, and the exposure time (via magnetic deposition velocity (MVd) calculations) known. Birches display higher MVd (∼5 cm−1) than lime trees (∼2 cm−1). Leaf saturation remanence values reached ‘equilibrium’ with ambient PM10 concentrations after ∼6 ‘dry’ days (<3 mm/day rainfall). Other co-located species displayed within-species consistency in MVd; robust inter-calibration can thus be achieved, enabling magnetic PM10 biomonitoring at unprecedented spatial resolution. 相似文献
226.
DNA strand damage, using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) method, was determined in different-stage embryos of
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) collected from surface waters of a local estuary near Savannah, Georgia, USA. Late-stage embryos collected from the estuarine
river at midday in the summer or placed in a solar simulator showed extensive DNA strand damage. The solar simulator, which
produced the total irradiance found at midday in the summer at 34°N caused DNA strand damage in embryos similar to that found
in sunlight-exposed embryos. A large increase in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (18 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers per 1000
kilobases) were detected in DNA from the late-stage embryos exposed to the solar simulator for 1 h (solar irradiance of 126 μW
cm−2). DNA repair took place within a few hours when late-stage embryos collected at midday from the river were transferred to
the dark. Early grass-shrimp embryo stages showed no DNA strand damage either after placement in the solar simulator or when
collected at midday in the summer. This lack of solar-damaged DNA in early-stage embryos was probably due to the presence
of high concentrations of carotenoids, which can act as anti-oxidants to prevent damage from activated oxygen species produced
by cells exposed to ultraviolet light. These carotenoids are utilized by the developing embryos, and only low concentrations
of carotenoids were present in late embryo stages.
Received: 24 May 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
227.
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which occur in diverse taxonomic groups, exhibit in vivo absorption maxima between 310 nm
and 360 nm and may play a photoprotective role against ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Using cultures of colonial Phaeocystis antarctica, we examined the relationship between MAA concentration, in vivo UV absorption, photoprotective (carotenoid) and photosynthetic
pigments, and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, 350–700 nm). UV absorption was high; chlorophyll-specific absorption,
a
*
ph, at 330 nm ranged from 0.06 to 0.41 m2/mg chlorophyll a. Values of a
*
ph (330) were 4–13 times greater than a
*
ph (676). Mycosporine-glycine, shinorine, and mycosporine-glycine valine are responsible for the strong in vivo UV absorption.
The sum of all MAAs increased with irradiance when normalized to chlorophyll a or carbon concentrations, whereas individual MAAs varied independently from each other. Mycosporine-glycine concentrations
showed no statistically significant change over the range of light intensities, whereas mycosporine-glycine and shinorine
concentrations increased at higher irradiances. The relative fluorescence yield for chlorophyll a was low in the UV region compared to the visible region, implying that absorbed UV radiation (<375 nm) is transferred inefficiently
to chlorophyll a in the reaction center. Quantitative estimates of UV screening by MAAs are attributed to elevated MAA concentrations and
increased diameter at high light.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 13 July 2000 相似文献
228.
Sinéad Mitchell Paul O’Dowd Aurora Dimache 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2020,13(3):159-170
ABSTRACT Public discourse frequently cites the damaging activities of large organisations on global environmental issues, but smaller organisations are rarely, if ever, featured. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) make up 99% of all businesses in the EU, cumulatively causing more industrial pollution and producing more waste than larger businesses. However, large companies are more likely to address sustainability issues than smaller ones. SMEs need help to change. In a collaborative approach, an online sustainability framework was developed to overcome the barriers contributing to the slow uptake in environmental management in SMEs. The views of owner-managers were incorporated throughout the development process. Best practice environmental tools and training were identified, which were designed in an SME-friendly way and made available online. This paper describes the development of the pilot Sustainability and Eco-Innovation (SEco) toolkit, followed by an analysis of its use. This research finds that a self-led toolkit was not enough to nudge SMEs to address environmental issues, despite being approved by owner-managers at each step. 相似文献
229.
230.
Gentry LE David MB Royer TV Mitchell CA Starks KM 《Journal of environmental quality》2007,36(2):408-415
Agriculture is a major nonpoint source of phosphorus (P) in the Midwest, but how surface runoff and tile drainage interact to affect temporal concentrations and fluxes of both dissolved and particulate P remains unclear. Our objective was to determine the dominant form of P in streams (dissolved or particulate) and identify the mode of transport of this P from fields to streams in tile-drained agricultural watersheds. We measured dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) concentrations and loads in stream and tile water in the upper reaches of three watersheds in east-central Illinois (Embarras River, Lake Fork of the Kaskaskia River, and Big Ditch of the Sangamon River). For all 16 water year by watershed combinations examined, annual flow-weighted mean TP concentrations were >0.1 mg L(-1), and seven water year by watershed combinations exceeded 0.2 mg L(-1). Concentrations of DRP and particulate P (PP) increased with stream discharge; however, particulate P was the dominant form during overland runoff events, which greatly affected annual TP loads. Concentrations of DRP and PP in tiles increased with discharge, indicating tiles were a source of P to streams. Across watersheds, the greatest DRP concentrations (as high as 1.25 mg L(-1)) were associated with a precipitation event that followed widespread application of P fertilizer on frozen soils. Although eliminating this practice would reduce the potential for overland runoff of P, soil erosion and tile drainage would continue to be important transport pathways of P to streams in east-central Illinois. 相似文献