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71.
Plant uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen recycled from synthetic source-separated urine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christophe Bonvin Bastian Etter Kai M. Udert Emmanuel Frossard Simone Nanzer Federica Tamburini Astrid Oberson 《Ambio》2015,44(2):217-227
Urine contains about 50 % of the phosphorus (P) and about 90 % of the nitrogen (N) excreted by humans and is therefore an interesting substrate for nutrient recovery. Source-separated urine can be used to precipitate struvite or, through a newly developed technology, nitrified urine fertilizer (NUF). In this study, we prepared 33P radioisotope- and stable 15N isotope-labeled synthetic NUF (SNUF) and struvite using synthetic urine and determined P and N uptake by greenhouse-grown ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Gemini) fertilized with these products. The P and N in the urine-based fertilizers were as readily plant-available in a slightly acidic soil as the P and N in reference mineral fertilizers. The ryegrass crop recovered 26 % of P applied with both urine-based fertilizers and 72 and 75 % of N applied as struvite and SNUF, respectively. Thus, NUF and urine-derived struvite are valuable N and P recycling fertilizers. 相似文献
72.
Impact of a smelter closedown on metal contents of wheat cultivated in the neighbourhood 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douay F Roussel H Pruvot C Waterlot C 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(2):162-169
BACKGROUND: The contamination of soils by heavy metals engenders important environmental and sanitary problems in Northern France where a smelter has been located for more than one hundred of years. It has been one of the most important Pb production sites in Europe until its closedown in March 2003. Ore smelting process generated considerable atmospheric emissions of dust. Despite an active environmental strategy, these emissions were still significant in 2002 with up to 17 tonnes of Pb, 32 tonnes of Zn and 1 tonne of Cd. Over the years, the generated deposits have led to an important contamination of the surrounding soils. Previous studies have shown pollutant transfers to plants, which can induce a risk for human and animal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of the smelter closedown on the Cd and Pb contents of wheat (grain and straw) cultivated in the area. METHODS: Paired topsoil and vegetable samples were taken at harvest time at various distances to the smelter. The sample sites were chosen in order to represent a large range of soil metal contamination. Sampling was realised on several wheat harvests between 1997 and 2003. 25 samples were collected before the smelter closedown and 15 after. All ears of about 1 m long of two rows were manually picked and threshed in the lab. Similarly, straw was harvested at the same time. Total metal contents in soil and wheat samples were quantified. RESULTS: A negative correlation between metal concentrations in soil and the distance to the smelter was shown. The wheat grain and straw showed significant Cd and Pb contents. The straw had higher metal contents than the grain. During the smelter activity, the grain contents were up to 0.8 mg kg(-1) DM of Cd and 8 mg kg(-1) DM of Pb. For the straw, maximum contents were 5 mg kg(-1) DM of Cd and 114 mg kg(-1) DM of Pb. After the smelter closedown, we observed a very large decrease of Pb in the grain (82%) and in the straw (91%). A smaller decrease was observed for Cd in grain. Despite this improvement, 80% of the studied samples remained non-acceptable for human consumption, according to the European legislation values, due to a high Cd content. DISCUSSION: Results highlighted a difference in metal accumulation in the plant organs as well as a difference in metal uptake. The approach pointed out the importance of atmospheric fallout in the wheat contamination pathways for Pb. The smelter closedown has lead to a decrease of the Pb content in wheat. It is interesting to relate this finding with the lead blood levels in children living close to the smelter. CONCLUSIONS: Those results have confirmed the importance of dust fallout in the plant contamination pathways. Before the closedown, Pb measured in the plant was principally originating from the smelter dust emissions. It raised the question of the sanitary risks for humans and animals living in the surrounding a of the smelter. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In the literature, very few articles take the dust deposit as contamination pathways for crops into consideration. However, in highly contaminated sites, this pathway can be very important. Thus, it would be worthy studying the uptake of metal contaminants by plants through the foliar system. 相似文献
73.
74.
Verville J Guy C Caron RF 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(2):172-180
Gasholders consist of a floating bell in a tank filled with water. Water provides a seal between the enclosed gas and ambient air. Gasholder emissions come from the contaminated water seal exposed to ambient air and the wet bell wall. The study objectives were to define parameters influencing gasholder emissions, determine the quantities of vinyl chloride (VC) emitted, generate a correlation equation between parameters of influence and mass emissions, and evaluate the efficiency of emission reduction methods. The research project was carried out on a laboratory-scale representation of a gasholder. The classic two-phase resistance model was used successfully to generate a correlation equation, which can be used to calculate the gasholder water seal emissions. A strictly empirical model was generated to estimate the wet wall emissions. Two in situ reduction methods were evaluated with the laboratory installations: floating objects and an oil layer. Both methods showed significant emission reductions, but the oil layer was the most effective. To reduce emissions even further, it is recommended that the water level of the gasholder be set to the lowest achievable level, that a windshield be placed around the water seal perimeter, and that hydrophobic paint be used on the bell wall. 相似文献
75.
Pierre A. Maron Christophe Mougel David P. H. Lejon Esmeralda Carvalho Karine Bizet Graldine Marck Nadge Cubito Philippe Lemanceau Lionel Ranjard 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):8074-8080
Temporal airborne bacterial genetic community structure and meteorological factors were analysed above an urban area in the northwest of France from December 2003 to April 2004 with a sampling strategy considering different time intervals (from an hour to a month). Principal component analysis (PCA) of B-ARISA (Bacterial-Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis) profiles revealed a hierarchy in the temporal variability of bacterial community: daily<weekly<seasonal. Co-inertia analysis between B-ARISA data and meteorological factors demonstrated the correlation between the seasonal variability in the bacterial community and climatic conditions such as temperature and relative humidity, whereas daily and weekly variability seemed likely to be managed by other factors such as anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
76.
Kai Lindström Colette M. St. Mary Christophe Pampoulie 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(1):46-51
Male parental care is typically thought to come at a cost to mate attraction and future mating success. However, it has also
been hypothesized that paternal care may be under sexual, as well as natural, selection, such that good fathers actually attract
more mates. Here we show experimentally that in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, females prefer to mate with males that provide higher levels of parental care. We manipulated male behavior using (1) different
nest sizes and (2) an application of low-O2 water in the nests, and found that females consistently preferred males with elevated levels of care in dichotomous mate
choice tests. This complements our earlier study in which we showed that males increase the amount and quality of care they
provide in the presence of females. Our results demonstrate that male care may have evolved as a result of sexual selection
rather than natural selection alone, and furthermore, that male care may not necessarily be in conflict with mate attraction. 相似文献
77.
Christophe?PélabonEmail author ?sa?A.?Borg Jens?Bjelvenmark Iain?Barber Elisabet?Forsgren Trond?Amundsen 《Marine Biology》2005,148(1):189-196
Courtship and body condition of male two-spotted gobies (Gobiusculus flavescens) harbouring naturally acquired microsporidian infections were compared with those of microsporidian-free males under standardized conditions in the lab. Although parasite infection had no apparent effect on individual condition, it significantly affected male courtship intensity. This effect, however, was affected by the intensity of the female courtship. Our study is one of the first to demonstrate a sub-lethal behavioural effect of a microsporidian parasite that could negatively affect the reproductive success of infected individuals. Our results also suggest that secondary sexual traits like courtship may be more sensitive to moderately detrimental effects of parasite infection than classical condition indices. 相似文献
78.
Rajiuddin Sheikh Md Vigre Håkan Musavian Hanieh Sadat Kohle Simon Krebs Niels Hansen Tina Beck Gantzer Christophe Schultz Anna Charlotte 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(4):295-309
Food and Environmental Virology - The leading causes of foodborne viral disease outbreaks are human norovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Their environmental persistence enables contamination of... 相似文献
79.
To be rightly implemented, an environmental policy ought to set an institutional framework (goals, rules and instruments) which incents decentralised actors to adopt the appropriate range of technologies. In the household waste management policy, the development of valorisation techniques (and particularly recycling) must be supported by convenient instruments and incentives. The paper analyses the problems encountered with the French household waste policy to ensure the takeoff of recycling techniques. At the moment, a rather under-proportioned institutional setting leads to favour the adoption of incineration with energy recovery at the expenses of recycling. This tends to create a structural bias in favour of incineration. 相似文献
80.
Sebastián P. Luque John P. Y. Arnould Edward H. Miller Yves Cherel Christophe Guinet 《Marine Biology》2007,152(1):213-224
The duration of periods spent ashore versus foraging at sea, diving behaviour, and diet of lactating female Antarctic (Arctocephalus gazella, AFS) and subantarctic (A. tropicalis, SFS) fur seals were compared at Iles Crozet, where both species coexist. The large disparity in lactation duration (SFS:
10 months, AFS: 4 months), even under local sympatry, has led to the expectation that AFS should exhibit higher foraging effort
or efficiency per unit time than SFS to allow them to wean their pups in a shorter period of time. Previous evidence, however,
has not supported these expectations. In this study, the distribution of foraging trip durations revealed two types of trips:
overnight (OFT, <1 day) and long (LFT, >1 day), in common with other results from Macquarie Island. However, diving behaviour
differed significantly between foraging trip types, with greater diving effort in OFTs than in LFTs, and diving behaviour
differed between fur seal species. OFTs were more frequent in SFS (48%) than in AFS (28%). SFS performed longer LFTs and maternal
attendances than AFS, but spent a smaller proportion of their foraging cycle at sea (66.2 vs. 77.5%, respectively). SFS dove
deeper and for longer periods than AFS, in both OFTs and LFTs, although indices of diving effort were similar between species.
Diel variation in diving behaviour was lower among SFS, which foraged at greater depths during most of the night time available
than AFS. The diving behaviour of AFS suggests they followed the nychthemeral migration of their prey more closely. Concomitant
with the differences in diving behaviour, AFS and SFS fed on the same prey species, but in different proportions of three
myctophid fish (Gymnoscopelus fraseri, G. piabilis, and G. nicholsi) that represented most of their diet. The estimated size of the most important fish consumed did not vary significantly between
fur seal species, suggesting that the difference in dive depth was mostly a result of changes in the relative abundance of
these myctophids. The energy content of these fish at Iles Crozet may thus influence the amount and quality of milk delivered
to pups of each fur seal species. These results contrast with those found at other sites where both species coexist, and revealed
a scale of variation in foraging behaviour which did not affect their effort while at sea, but that may be a major determinant
of foraging efficiency and, consequently, maternal investment. 相似文献