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21.
Joanna Endter‐Wada Judith Kurtzman Sean P. Keenan Roger K. Kjelgren Christopher M.U. Neale 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(4):902-920
Abstract: Landscape water conservation is an important issue for municipalities throughout the Western United States, and especially in Utah as rapid growth strains existing water supplies. We conducted interdisciplinary research in Layton, Utah, that aimed at understanding patterns of landscape water use among households and businesses. The research project involved three basic tasks. First, a landscape “water budget” was developed by producing a calibrated and classified mosaic of landscape type and area from airborne multispectral digital imagery, integrating this information with Layton City parcel boundary data to determine landscape vegetated areas per lot, and estimating irrigation needs derived from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) obtained using weather data for the Salt Lake City metropolitan region. Second, utilizing Layton water billing data, water use for each household and business was identified and categorized as “conserving,”“acceptable” or “wasteful” by determining how much the water applied varied from actual landscape plant need. Third, surveys were administered to a random stratified sample of households and businesses in the study area to investigate various factors that were hypothesized to be predictive of wasteful watering practices. This paper primarily focuses on analysis of the household and business survey data, which explores factors affecting urban landscape water use from a human behavioral perspective. We found that the most significant factors predicting actual water use were the type of irrigation system and whether the location was a household or business. Attitudinal and motivational characteristics were not consistently associated with water use. We found that wasteful watering is the result of many factors embedded in the complex context of urban landscapes. This implies that water conservation programs should identify potential wasteful users through analyses of water billing data and direct water conservation measures at these users by focusing on site‐specific evaluations and recommendations. Water audits or water checks are one such tool that some communities have employed to help people understand and assess the quantity of water needed by and applied to their landscapes. This approach provides an opportunity to evaluate situational constraints at particular locations and design appropriate strategies for reducing water waste. 相似文献
22.
Megan MH Nash MS Neale AC Pitchford AM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,124(1-3):141-156
The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of using landscape variables in conjunction with water quality
and benthic data to efficiently estimate stream condition of select headwater streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plains.
Eighty-two streams with riffle sites were selected from eight-two independent watersheds across the region for sampling and
analyses. Clustering of the watersheds by landscape resulted in three distinct groups (forest, crop, and urban) which coincided
with watersheds dominant land cover or use. We used non-parametric analyses to test differences in benthos and water chemistry
between groups, and used regression analyses to evaluate responses of benthic communities to water chemistry within each of
the landscape groups. We found that typical water chemistry measures associated with urban runoff such as specific conductance
and dissolved chloride were significantly higher in the urban group. In the crop group, we found variables commonly associated
with farming such as nutrients and pesticides significantly greater than in the other two groups. Regression analyses demonstrated
that the numbers of tolerant and facultative macroinvertebrates increased significantly in forested watersheds with small
shifts in pollutants, while in human use dominated watersheds the intolerant macroinvertebrates were more sensitive to shifts
in chemicals present at lower concentrations. The results from this study suggest that landscape based clustering can be used
to link upstream landscape characteristics, water chemistry and biotic integrity in order to assess stream condition and likely
cause of degradation without the use of reference sites. Notice: Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency
policy. 相似文献
23.
The present context of escalating environmental risks places increased pressure and importance on our technical ability to predict and mitigate the potential consequences and occurrence of major natural hazards such as bushfire (or ‘wildfire’). Over the past decade, bushfire prediction in Australia, as in many other fire-prone countries, has increasingly come to involve both trained fire behaviour analysts and complex computer-based two-dimensional bushfire simulation models. During this transitional moment in bushfire management, there is a clear need to better understand the ways in which such predictive technologies and practitioners influence how we anticipate, encounter and manage this natural hazard and its effects. In this paper, the authors seek to prepare the ground for studies of the social dimensions of bushfire prediction by investigating how simulators and predictive practitioners have been mobilised and represented in Australia to date. The paper concludes by posing several questions that bushfire practitioners, policy-makers and researchers alike in Australia and elsewhere will need to address as our flammable future emerges. 相似文献
24.
Alan Neale 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1994,37(3):335-347
Stabilisation of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, as proposed by the 1992 Earth Summit, implies massive behavioural changes by firms and consumers. Case studies of three key sectors—domestic space heating, domestic appliances, and personal transport—suggest that neither economic instruments nor regulatory controls would, in themselves, be sufficient to bring about the necessary investment in energy efficient products and processes. Attention is focused on specific features of the UK economy which inhibit energy conservation, such as the price sensitive nature of UK markets for consumer durables and the pervasive influence of short‐termism on business calculations. 相似文献
25.
The study of the negotiation process has enjoyed a recent resurgence of scholarly interest. Of particular concern is the ability of negotiators to achieve solutions which result in integrative outcomes. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of different levels of aspiration/goals on negotiator success and their ability to reach integrative solutions in a competitive market. One hundred fifty-eight subjects who were assigned one of four levels of goal difficulty-no goal, compromise goal, challenging goal, and difficult goal-participated in a competitive, multi-person, multi-transaction market simulation. The study found (1) challenging and difficult goals significantly enhanced participants' performance; (2) the more difficult the goal, the fewer transactions were completed; and (3) while there were no differences in total profitability among the challenging goal, compromise goal, and no goal, the difficult goal condition had a significant and negative effect on the ability of participants to achieve profitable outcomes within the market. A discussion of these findings and directions for future research are presented. 相似文献