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211.
Neil C. Hutten Gerald F. Gifford 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):175-181
ABSTRACT: Rainfall simulator studies were conducted during 1982 and 1983 on agricultural and native rangeland soils of the same soil series in northern Utah. Results indicate that the same soil series mapped at different locations on agricultural land will have similar 10, 20, and 30 minute infiltration rates and similar interrill erosion rates. Seasonal differences in infiltration and erosion rates were significant. Comparisons between agricultural and native soils were complicated by three-way statistical interactions. Seasonal variations in both infiltration rates and erosion rates were greatest on agricultural soils. Of four soil series on native rangeland, only one showed significant seasonal variation in infiltration rates, while erosion rates were similar across all seasons for all soil series. Soil and cover factors important in predicting infiltration and erosion were identified. 相似文献
212.
Kim Neil Irvine John J. Drake 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(6):1017-1025
ABSTRACT: Least squares regression and ARIMA models were developed from suspended sediment data for the Ausable River, Southern Ontario, Canada. A poor correlation between discharge and suspended sediment concentration results from the dynamics of the physical system, including seasonality, antecedent conditions, and hysteresis. Regression model results were significantly improved by the division of the data set into seasons and the addition of simple. but physically meaningful variables. Misleading improvements obtained from the regression of sediment load and discharge are discussed. ARIMA models provided accurate forecasts of sediment concentration on a real-time basis, but the rigorous data requirements limit their use in modeling suspended sediment concentrations in Canadian rivers. 相似文献
213.
W. James Morris Neil W. Morgan Bi-Huei Wang J. Paul Riley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(1):63-76
The solution with the aid of the hybrid computer of the partial and total differential equations for an integrated surface water groundwater system is described. A versatile computing technique has been developed to make a rapid and accurate study of the groundwater response due to varying inputs (deep percolation) or outputs (evapotranspiration) from the groundwater system. Spatial variations in basic vegetation phenomena, such as pattern, and hydrological parameters, are represented by means of a grid network which also allows the input of variable boundary conditions. The model is applied to an area in Columbia, South America which is subject to high water-table conditions. Various reclamation schemes and management practices under conditions of irrigated agriculture are assessed. 相似文献
214.
OBJECTIVES: Older drivers are overinvolved in intersection crashes compared with younger drivers, but the reasons are not clearly understood. The purpose of the present study was to identify the factors that lead to older drivers' intersection crashes. METHOD: Study participants were composed of two groups of older drivers -- ages 70-79 (n = 78) and 80 and older (n = 76) -- and a comparison group of drivers ages 35-54 (n = 73); all were at fault in intersection crashes involving nonfatal injuries. Police crash reports, telephone interviews with at-fault drivers, and photographs of intersections were used to determine the kinds of driver actions and errors that led to the intersection crashes. RESULTS: Drivers 80 and older had fewer rear-end crashes than drivers ages 35-54 and 70-79, and both groups of older drivers had fewer ran-off-road crashes than drivers ages 35-54. Crashes where drivers failed to yield the right-of-way increased with age and occurred mostly at stop sign-controlled intersections, generally when drivers were turning left. The reasons for failure-to-yield crashes tended to vary by age. Compared with drivers ages 35-54 and 80 and older, drivers ages 70-79 made more evaluation errors -- seeing another vehicle but misjudging whether there was adequate time to proceed. In contrast, drivers 80 and older predominantly failed to see or detect the other vehicle. Drivers ages 35-54 also tended to make search errors, but theirs were due more often to distraction. CONCLUSIONS: Factors leading to intersection crashes vary with age, even between two age groups of older drivers. Because the number of older drivers is projected to increase, it is important to identify ways to reduce the frequency and severity of their intersection crashes. Roundabouts and protected left turn lanes at signalized intersections may help to reduce failure-to-yield crashes at intersections, especially among older drivers. Crash avoidance systems may help to reduce crashes for drivers of all ages, but most systems have not been thoroughly investigated using real-world crash data. 相似文献
215.
Neil Strachan 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):455-470
There is substantial uncertainty regarding baseline greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions forecasts—i.e., how GHG emissions will
grow over time in the absence of policy intervention. Thus baseline uncertainty should be a key consideration in setting GHG
emissions targets as a mitigation strategy to respond to global climate change. At a minimum, the emissions target must be
less than the baseline level to induce changing behavior and new investment. Despite this fundamental policy criterion, baseline
considerations have played only a minor role in target setting under international climate policy. Baseline uncertainty applies
to both absolute and intensity based emissions targets. It is demonstrated that one advantage of intensity targets is reduced
uncertainty in the projected baseline, however there will always be some residual uncertainty in model projections. To illustrate
the importance of considering baseline uncertainty in GHG target setting, the Bush Climate Change Initiative is analyzed against
its projected baseline as a case study of a modest intensity target. Based on comparison with historical data, the range of
projections by major energy-economic models, past discrepancies in the accuracy of model projections and the added complexity
of sector-specific drivers for non-CO2 GHGs, it is shown that the Bush Initiative cannot be guaranteed or even expected to deliver actual reductions against an
uncertain baseline. This finding emphasizes the importance of setting a target that accounts for baseline uncertainty to achieve
genuine mitigation of GHG emissions.
相似文献
Neil StrachanEmail: |
216.
This study investigated a person–climate fit model in order to explain the effect of organizational politics on work attitudes. A unique index of compatibility was developed based on the congruence between preferences for political influence processes and those processes perceived to be prevalent in the employment context. A survey of 138 non academic employees of a large public university, representing a variety of jobs, demonstrated that political influence compatibility was clearly related to a wide range of work attitudes (e.g. satisfaction with co-workers, trust in management, evaluation of self). Directions for future research investigating PIC and potential applications of political influence compatibility in human resource management are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
217.
Antarctic lakes with simple plankton ecosystems are believed to be sensitive biological indicators of climate change. Models of the physical environment, in particular the ice layer, support understanding of how the ecosystems respond to meteorological variables. This paper describes how data from a previously reported automatic measuring probe and meteorological data from Davis station were used to develop a detailed thermodynamic model of the ice layer on Crooked Lake, one of the largest and deepest freshwater lakes in Antarctica. The general model structure is similar to a previously reported model of sea ice but with modifications specific to the Antarctic freshwater lake case informed by the data. The model inputs are atmospheric variables as well as water temperature, ice albedo and the radiation extinction coefficient for the ice. Heat and radiation fluxes at the ice–air and ice–water boundaries are calculated using equations chosen for their suitability for the Antarctic. In the case of shortwave radiation, equations were fitted to data from the automatic probe. Using the heat fluxes to establish boundary conditions, and incorporating the known thermodynamic properties of ice, the temperature profile within the ice and the resulting growth and melt of the ice can be calculated. The model uses a largely mechanistic approach, with most equations taken from established thermodynamic theories or empirical studies and only one adjustable parameter related to the sensible heat flux from the water, which is not easily calculated from the available data. It was found to accurately reproduce ice temperature and ice thickness data for the year 2003, with r2 = 0.89, n = 2005. Finally, the model was simplified to run with air temperature as the only input variable and was shown to perform well—this suggests that freshwater lake ice is affected more by air temperature than any other variable, and is therefore a useful indicator of climate change in its own right. 相似文献
218.
Neil Stenhouse 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(6):756-768
The RE-AIM framework, created by Russell Glasgow and colleagues, addresses five major factors involved with sustained population-level effectiveness of public health interventions—Reach, Efficacy and/or Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance. In this article, I illustrate how the framework might be applied to environmental communication interventions, and discuss how the framework needs to be adapted to important aspects of this context. Following that, I address several potential criticisms of RE-AIM or its usefulness for environmental communication scholars. Finally, I discuss how research practices of environmental communication scholars could be changed in light of the insights given by the RE-AIM framework. Much work remains to be done in order to see exactly how RE-AIM, or other frameworks focused on large-scale intervention effectiveness, can be made most useful to environmental communication scholars. However, RE-AIM already provides a valuable way to start thinking about how to best improve large-scale effectiveness of communication interventions. 相似文献
219.
The monitoring of resource condition is receiving renewed attention across several levels of government in Australia. This
interest is linked to substantial investment in environmental remediation and aquatic ecosystem restoration in particular.
In this context, it is timely to consider principles which ought to guide the development and implementation of monitoring
programmes for wetland ecosystems. A framework is established which places monitoring in the context of the strategic adaptive
management of wetlands. This framework requires there has to be clear goals for the extent and condition of the resource,
with these goals being defined within thresholds of acceptable variability. Qualitative and, where possible, quantitative
conceptual models linking management interventions to management goals should be the basis of indicator selection and assessment.
The intensity of sampling ought to be informed by pilot surveys of statistical power in relation to the thresholds of acceptable
variability identified within the management plan. 相似文献
220.
Robert A. Washington-Allen Neil E. West R. Douglas Ramsey Debra H. Phillips Herman H. Shugart 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,160(1-4):101-121
Accelerated soil erosion is an aspect of dryland degradation that is affected by repeated intense drought events and land management activities such as commercial livestock grazing. A soil stability index (SSI) that detects the erosion status and susceptibility of a landscape at the pixel level, i.e., stable, erosional, or depositional pixels, was derived from the spectral properties of an archived time series (from 1972 to 1997) of Landsat satellite data of a commercial ranch in northeastern Utah. The SSI was retrospectively validated with contemporary field measures of soil organic matter and erosion status that was surveyed by US federal land management agencies. Catastrophe theory provided the conceptual framework for retrospective assessment of the impact of commercial grazing and soil water availability on the SSI. The overall SSI trend was from an eroding landscape in the early drier 1970s towards stable conditions in the wetter mid-1980s and late 1990s. The landscape catastrophically shifted towards an extreme eroding state that was coincident with the “The Great North American Drought of 1988”. Periods of landscape stability and trajectories toward stability were coincident with extremely wet El Niño events. Commercial grazing had less correlation with soil stability than drought conditions. However, the landscape became more susceptible to erosion events under multiple droughts and grazing. Land managers now have nearly a year warning of El Niño and La Niña events and can adjust their management decisions according to predicted landscape erosion conditions. 相似文献