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111.
112.
Greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian peat extraction, 1990-2000: a life-cycle analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study uses life-cycle analysis to examine the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the Canadian peat industry for the period 1990-2000. GHG exchange is estimated for land-use change, peat extraction and processing, transport to market, and the in situ decomposition of extracted peat. The estimates, based on an additive GHG accounting model, show that the peat extraction life cycle emitted 0.54 x 10(6) t of GHG in 1990, increasing to 0.89 x 10(6) t in 2000 (expressed as CO2 equivalents using a 100-y time horizon). Peat decomposition associated with end use was the largest source of GHGs, comprising 71% of total emissions during this 11-y period. Land use change resulted in a switch of the peatlands from a GHG sink to a source and contributed an additional 15%. Peat transportation was responsible for 10% of total GHG emissions, and extraction and processing contributed 4%. It would take approximately 2000 y to restore the carbon pool to its original size if peatland restoration is successful and the cutover peatland once again becomes a net carbon sink. 相似文献
113.
Extinction-Rate Estimates for a Modern Neotropical Flora 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
114.
Dianne L. Watson Euan S. Harvey Gary A. Kendrick Kim Nardi Marti J. Anderson 《Marine Biology》2007,152(5):1197-1206
Closure of areas to fishing is expected to result in an increase in the abundance of targeted species; however, changes to
populations of species not targeted by fishermen will depend upon their role in the ecosystem and their relationship with
targeted species. The effects of protection on targeted and non-targeted reef fish species at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands,
Western Australia were studied using baited remote underwater stereo–video cameras. Video images were collected from shallow
(8–12 m) and deep (22–26 m) reef sites inside a Marine Protected Area (MPA) at each of three island groups and from three
replicate fished locations at each of these groups that span a temperate-tropical transition area. The MPAs were established
in 1994 and vary in size from 13.72 km2 at the Pelsaert group in the south to 22.29 km2 at the Easter group to 27.44 km2 at the Wallabi group in the north. The relative abundances of 137 fish species from 42 families were recorded. Large differences
in fish assemblage structure existed between MPA and fished locations, and also between shallow and deep regions. Targeted
fish species Plectropomus leopardus, Lethrinus miniatus, Lethrinus nebulosus, Pagrus auratus and Glaucosoma hebraicum were more abundant inside MPAs than in areas open to fishing. Their abundance inside MPAs was between 1.13 and 8 times greater
than their abundance at fished locations. For non-targeted fish species many were more abundant in areas open to fishing,
e.g. Coris auricularis, Thalassoma lutescens, Thalassoma lunare, Dascyllus trimaculatus, however others were conversely more abundant inside MPAs, e.g. Gymnothorax spp, Kyphosus sydneyanus, Scarus microhinos, Chromis westaustralis, Chaetodon spp. This study demonstrates that the removal of abundant targeted species from an ecosystem by fishing can indirectly impact
non-fished species and alter the trophic structure of fish assemblages.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
115.
116.
S. T. Garnett S. H. M. Butchart G. B. Baker E. Bayraktarov K. L. Buchanan A. A. Burbidge A. L. M. Chauvenet L. Christidis G. Ehmke M. Grace D. G. Hoccom S. M. Legge I. Leiper D. B. Lindenmayer R. H. Loyn M. Maron P. McDonald P. Menkhorst H. P. Possingham J. Radford A. E. Reside D. M. Watson J. E. M. Watson B. Wintle J. C. Z. Woinarski H. M. Geyle 《Conservation biology》2019,33(2):456-468
Although evidence-based approaches have become commonplace for determining the success of conservation measures for the management of threatened taxa, there are no standard metrics for assessing progress in research or management. We developed 5 metrics to meet this need for threatened taxa and to quantify the need for further action and effective alleviation of threats. These metrics (research need, research achievement, management need, management achievement, and percent threat reduction) can be aggregated to examine trends for an individual taxon or for threats across multiple taxa. We tested the utility of these metrics by applying them to Australian threatened birds, which appears to be the first time that progress in research and management of threats has been assessed for all threatened taxa in a faunal group at a continental scale. Some research has been conducted on nearly three-quarters of known threats to taxa, and there is a clear understanding of how to alleviate nearly half of the threats with the highest impact. Some management has been attempted on nearly half the threats. Management outcomes ranged from successful trials to complete mitigation of the threat, including for one-third of high-impact threats. Progress in both research and management tended to be greater for taxa that were monitored or occurred on oceanic islands. Predation by cats had the highest potential threat score. However, there has been some success reducing the impact of cat predation, so climate change (particularly drought), now poses the greatest threat to Australian threatened birds. Our results demonstrate the potential for the proposed metrics to encapsulate the major trends in research and management of both threats and threatened taxa and provide a basis for international comparisons of evidence-based conservation science. 相似文献
117.
Regional Environmental Change - This article presents historic energy profiles in order to understand the changing roles of three critical energy flows in eastern Canadian agroecosystems. The first... 相似文献
118.
The zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E, caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), is an emerging issue. HEV appears common in pigs (although infected pigs do not show clinical signs), and evidence suggests that a number of hepatitis E cases have been associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat and products. Little information is available on whether cooking can eliminate HEV, since there is currently no robust method for measuring its infectivity. HEV infectivity can be clearly demonstrated by monitoring for signs of infection (e.g., shedding of virus) in an animal model. However, this approach has several disadvantages, such as lack of reproducibility and unsuitability for performing large numbers of tests, high costs, and not least ethical considerations. Growth in cell culture can unambiguously show that a virus is infectious and has the potential for replication, without the disadvantages of using animals. Large numbers of tests can also be performed, which can make the results more amenable to statistical interpretation. However, no HEV cell culture system has been shown to be applicable to all HEV strains, none has been standardized, and few studies have demonstrated their use for measurement of HEV infectivity in food samples. Nonetheless, cell culture remains the most promising approach, and the main recommendation of this review is that there should be an extensive research effort to develop and validate a cell culture-based method for assessing HEV infectivity in pork products. Systems comprising promising cell lines and HEV strains which can grow well in cell culture should be tested to select an assay for effective and reliable measurement of HEV infectivity over a wide range of virus concentrations. The assay should then be harnessed to a procedure which can extract HEV from pork products, to produce a method suitable for further use. The method can then be used to determine the effect of heat or other elimination processes on HEV in pork meat and products, or to assess whether HEV detected in any surveyed foodstuffs is infectious and therefore poses a risk to public health. 相似文献
119.
Watson A Glaspell B Christensen N Lachapelle P Sahanatien V Gertsch F 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):880-888
Many public land management agencies are committed to understanding and protecting recreation visitor experiences. Parks Canada
is deeply committed to that objective for visitors to Canada’s National Parks. This 2004 study, informed by a 2003 qualitative
study of visitor experiences and influences on those experiences at Auyuittuq National Park in Nunavut, worked to bring 50
potential elements of visitor experiences down to five articulated dimensions of the experience that is currently being received
at this remote eastern arctic park. A hypothesized set of 17 influences on experiences, also reduced to just two factors with
similar response patterns, and with some items that did not flow into the two factors, were used in a regression analysis
to understand the relationship between experiences and factors of influence. A sample of 61.8% (84) of the total recreation
visitor population 16 years of age or older was surveyed during deregistration after the trip. Knowledge about the dimensions
of the experiences currently received and factors of influence on those experiences can be used to guide selection of indicators
for describing objectives and prescribing monitoring protocol. 相似文献
120.
A reassessment of the mating system characteristics of the army ant Eciton burchellii 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kronauer DJ Berghoff SM Powell S Denny AJ Edwards KJ Franks NR Boomsma JJ 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2006,93(8):402-406
In a recent study, Denny et al. (2004a) showed that queens of the army ant, Eciton burchellii, mate with multiple males and presented estimates suggesting that they mate with more males than queens of any other ant species so far investigated. They also inferred that data were consistent with queens being inseminated repeatedly throughout their life, which would be exceptional among the social Hymenoptera and contradictory to predictions from kin selection theory. In the present study, we reanalyze these data using new software and supplement them with similar microsatellite data from other colonies of the same species. Mating frequencies in E. burchellii are indeed very high (mean observed and effective queen-mating frequencies of 12.9 each) but considerably lower than the previous estimates. We show that the number of patrilines represented in the first worker offspring of a young queen is lower than in older queens but suggest that this may be due to initial sperm clumping in the queen’s sperm storage organ, rather than to repeated inseminations. Moreover, we found no evidence for repeated mating by genotyping sequential worker generations produced by a single old queen, showing that she did not obtain new inseminations despite ample opportunities for mating. 相似文献