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111.
Jeffrey M. Keisler Zachary A. Collier Eric Chu Nina Sinatra Igor Linkov 《The Environmentalist》2014,34(1):3-23
The value of information (VoI) is a decision analytic method for quantifying the potential benefit of additional information in the face of uncertainty. This paper reviews the prevalence of VoI applications reported in the peer-reviewed literature from the years 1990–2011. We categorize papers’ applications across the types of uncertainties considered, modeling choices, and contexts of social importance (such as health care and environmental science). We obtain and analyze statistics on the range of applications and identify trends and patterns in them, and conclude with an interpretation of what these mean for researchers and practitioners as they pursue new efforts. Key results include a substantial increase over the last 20 years in published papers utilizing VoI, particularly in the medical field. Nineteen trends in VoI applications from the period of 1990–2000 to 2001–2011 were found to be at least weakly significant. Beyond simple trends, some characteristics of VoI usage depend on the area of application, and in some cases, certain sets of characteristics tend to be found together. 相似文献
112.
Desire to Bargain and Negotiation Success: Lessons About the Need to Negotiate from Six Hydropower Disputes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
/ We investigated the notion that successful negotiations require that all parties to the dispute must have a desire to bargain. This desire is most likely to be present when the dispute exhibits ripeness and each party believes a bargained solution is the most cost-effective way to resolve differences. Structured interviews of participants in six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission hydropower licensing consultations were conducted to determine the level of need to negotiate for each party. The findings indicate that a need to negotiate is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for success. Several factors were associated with a need to negotiate: a weak BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement); a salient issue; participants' sense of efficacy; a sense of inevitability; professional roles encouraging negotiation; and disputes about facts as opposed to disputes about values. Participants' need to negotiate fluctuated throughout the process and intensified when questions were ripe: i.e., critical issues were debated or the regulatory process required action.KEY WORDS: Alternative dispute resolution; Federal licenses; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; Instream flow; Environmental planning 相似文献
113.
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115.
Free sialic acid storage disorders, Salla disease (SD) and Infantile sialic acid storage disease (ISSD), are lysosomal storage diseases due to impaired function of a sialic acid transporter, sialin, at the lysosomal membrane. Several mutations of the sialin gene, SLC17A5, are known, leading either to the severe neonatal/infantile disease or to the milder, adult-type developmental disorder, Salla disease. Free sialic acid accumulation in lysosomes causes increased tissue concentration and consequently elevated urinary excretion. Prenatal diagnosis of SASD is possible either by determination of free sialic acid concentration or by mutation analysis of the SLC17A5 gene in fetal specimen, in chorionic villus biopsy particularly. Both techniques have been successfully applied in several cases, sialic acid assay more often in ISSD cases but mutation analysis preferentially in SD. Sialic acid assay of amniotic fluid supernatant or cultured amniotic fluid cells may give erroneous results and should not be used for prenatal diagnosis of these disorders. The present comments are mainly based on our experience of prenatal diagnosis of SD in Finnish families. A founder mutation in SLC17A5 gene, 115C-> T, represents 95% of the disease alleles in the Finnish SD patients, which provides a unique possibility to apply mutation analysis. Therefore, molecular studies have successfully been used in 17 families since the identification of the gene and the characterization of the SD mutations. Earlier, eight prenatal studies were performed by measuring the free sialic acid concentration in chorionic villus samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
116.
Bachner Gabriel Bednar-Friedl Birgit Knittel Nina 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(7):1325-1341
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Public adaptation to climate change affects government budgets directly on the expenditure side, but also indirectly via changes in the tax... 相似文献
117.
118.
An isobole-based statistical model and test for synergism/antagonism in binary mixture toxicity experiments 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Helle Sørensen Nina Cedergreen Ib M. Skovgaard Jens C. Streibig 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(4):383-397
Synergism and antagonism are often defined in relation to the model of Concentration Addition (CA). Hence, it is vital for
the conclusion of mixture toxicity studies to be able to test whether an observed deviation from CA reflects a true deviation
or whether it is simply due to random variation. In this paper we consider a non-linear regression model for the classical
ray designs for binary mixture experiments. The model combines dose–response curves for each mixture in the experiment with
an isobole model, describing possible deviations from CA. The method allows us to test whether the chosen isobole model is
reasonable for the data and to test the hypothesis of CA. Furthermore, it provides us with a measure of the degree of synergism/antagonism.
The method is flexible since both the dose–response relationships and the isobole model can be chosen arbitrarily. We demonstrate
the use of the method on datasets where combinations of pesticides are tested on a floating plant, Lemna minor, and an algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Furthermore, we conduct a simulation study in order to explore the power with which a specific deviation from CA can be
distinguished in different test-systems. 相似文献
119.
We use a combination of the marginal value theorem (MVT) of Charnov (1976), and a group foraging model featuring information
sharing to address patch residence in an environment where food occurs in discrete patches. We shall show that among equal
competitors the optimal patch time for the individual that finds the food patch is shorter than that for the non-finder among
equal competitors, T
E < T
N. This is the case if the patch-finder commences food harvesting in the patch earlier and manages to monopolise a fraction
of the prey items (finder's advantage) before the other individuals come to take their benefit. When individuals differ in
their food-searching abilities so that some of them (producers) contribute proportionally more to food-searching than others
(scroungers), and differ in ability to compete for the food found, a difference emerges between producer and scrounger individuals
in the optimal patch time. Within a patch we always have the finder's advantage (T
E < T
N) regardless of phenotype. Between patches a suite of optimal patch times for encountering individuals emerges depending on
the performance of producers and scroungers when changing from solitary feeding to feeding in a group. The optimal patch time
for individuals that are affected more severely by competition is shorter than that for individuals of the phenotype with
better competitive ability. When both phenotypes are affected similarly no difference in optimal patch times emerges.
Received: 13 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 28 September 1996 相似文献
120.
This retrospective study compares the findings of prenatal ultrasound, performed in a tertiary fetal medicine centre, with the results of post-mortem examination in pregnancies complicated by suspected fetal abnormality that results in fetal loss. The study was carried out over a year at a teaching hospital, Fetal Medicine Centre and Regional Centre for Perinatal Pathology. Results were directly compared and the level of agreement between the ultrasound and post-mortem findings described. These were classified as having complete agreement; major agreement or major disagreement. The group of cases with major agreement between findings was further divided into those with significant, or minor, additional findings at post-mortem examination. Over the 12-month period, 153 ultrasound cases were identified, of which 47 were also examined by autopsy and were thus suitable for comparison in this study (30.7%). Complete agreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was found in 22 cases (46.8%). In 24 cases (51.1%), major agreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was seen. Of these, 11 had minor additional findings at post-mortem examination and 13 were found to have significant additional findings at post-mortem (27.7%), adding to the eventual diagnosis. In 12.8% of cases, post-mortem examination provided a definitive diagnosis. Only in one case was there complete discordance in the findings of the ultrasound examination and the autopsy (2.1%). No major disagreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was seen in 98% of cases. This study confirms the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis in specialist centres, whilst emphasising the continuing importance of post-mortem examination in cases of fetal malformation to refine and, in some cases, define the diagnosis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献