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51.
Christian Seigneur Elpida Constantinou Mary Fend Leonard Levin Lawrence Graft Chris Whipple 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):823-830
Abstract The inclusion of non-detected chemicals in a health risk assessment may lead, in some cases, to estimated risks that exceed regulatory thresholds, because one must use the detection limit or half of the detection limit. This study presents a methodology which will allow one to estimate appropriate detection limits by conducting a health risk assessment prior to the source sampling program. The advantages and shortcomings of various levels of detail in the risk assessment to determine those detection limits are discussed. The application of the methodology is demonstrated with a case study of the potential health effects of power plant stack emissions. 相似文献
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R. Vautard P. Ciais R. Fisher D. Lowry F.M. Bron F. Vogel I. Levin F. Miglietta E. Nisbet 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9506-9517
The dispersion of pollutants from the huge Buncefield oil depot fire that occurred on 11 December 2005 is simulated using a regional Eulerian chemistry-transport model. We analyse the transport and mixing of the fire plume. We show that the hot plume never reached the ground. Instead, it pierced the thin wintertime boundary layer and was injected into the free troposphere at higher altitudes. This is in agreement with data from many air quality stations. This high injection was fortunate because the fine aerosol particles (PM10) mass column generated by the fire smoke exceeded that of ordinary pollution by an order of magnitude. Our regional chemistry-transport modelling is able to predict the early development of the plume dispersion, as shown by a qualitative comparison between simulated PM10 columns and a satellite image obtained by the EOS-TERRA-MODIS sensor.If the accident had occurred in summer when boundary layers are much deeper and convective, a severe degradation in air quality due to PM10 could have occurred, as shown by a sensitivity simulation assuming a similar fire during one of the hottest days of August 2003. The modelled impact of the fire on regional and European air quality levels strongly depends on the altitude reached by the buoyant plume, as shown by a set of sensitivity simulations with variable injection heights. However, in all cases we found that the fire only affected surface aerosol concentrations without increasing photochemical pollution. 相似文献
54.
Justin?C.?WilliamsEmail author Charles?S.?ReVelle Simon?A.?Levin 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2005,10(3):163-181
A variety of decision models have been formulated for the optimal selection of nature reserve sites to represent a diversity
of species or other conservation features. Unfortunately, many of these models tend to select scattered sites and do not take
into account important spatial attributes such as reserve shape and connectivity. These attributes are likely to affect not
only the persistence of species but also the general ecological functioning of reserves and the ability to effectively manage
them. In response, researchers have begun formulating reserve design models that improve spatial coherence by controlling
spatial attributes. We review the spatial attributes that are thought to be important in reserve design and also review reserve
design models that incorporate one or more of these attributes. Spatial modeling issues, computational issues, and the trade-offs
among competing optimization objectives are discussed. Directions for future research are identified. Ultimately, an argument
is made for the development of models that capture the dynamic interdependencies among sites and species populations and thus
incorporate the reasons why spatial attributes are important. 相似文献
55.
Bo Strandberg Anna-Lena Sunesson Margit Sundgren Jan-Olof Levin Gerd Sllsten Lars Barregard 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):7686-7695
Two types of diffusive samplers, both of which are compatible with thermal desorption, but differ in their geometry—SKC-Ultra (badge-type) and Radiello (radial symmetry-type)—were evaluated indoors and outdoors under varying temperature, humidity and wind speed conditions, using the graphitized adsorbents Carbopack X or Carbograph 5 to measure 1,3-butadiene and benzene in ambient air. The results obtained by diffusive sampling were compared with results obtained using a conventional active sampling method over both long (1 week) and shorter periods (6–24 h). Analysis and detection were performed using an automatic thermal desorber (ATD) connected to a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Results from each sampler and adsorbent combination were examined using ordinary or multiple linear regression analysis. The overall uncertainty (OU) was also determined. In general, the results obtained with both samplers showed good agreement with those obtained by active sampling. Carbopack X appeared to be a more efficient adsorbent than Carbograph 5 for 1,3-butadiene, but the two adsorbents were equivalent for benzene. No effects of either humidity or air velocity were observed. Minor temperature effects were observed for both samplers for 1,3-butadiene. In summary, the results confirmed the accuracy of sampling rates previously determined for the two samplers and adsorbents. We consider the two samplers to be suitable for stationary and personal monitoring for the general population of 1,3-butadiene and benzene in various environments, indoors and outdoors. They are almost independent of meteorological conditions and may be suitable for monitoring industrial atmospheres. 相似文献
56.
Amberlite XAD-2 porous polymer was evaluated for the solid sampling of PCBs, PCNs, tri-, tetra-and pentachlorophenol in workroom air. Using solvent desorption, the recoveries of these compounds from XAD-2 was mostly about 80%, showing this adsorbent to be an excellent medium for the sampling of polychlorinated aromatics in air. 相似文献
57.
精神分析批评作为一种文学批评方法,可以用于解释作者的创作动机和研究文学文本。简要梳理精神分析批评的理论渊源,分析其对文学研究的影响,指出其缺陷,旨在帮助文艺批评者更好、更有效地运用于文学批评。 相似文献
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - Shared behavioural traits result from the interaction of two or more individuals, making it difficult to discern which individual is in control of the... 相似文献
60.
Invasive cordgrass modifies wetland trophic function 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Vascular plants strongly control belowground environments in most ecosystems. Invasion by vascular plants in coastal wetlands, and by cordgrasses (Spartina spp.) in particular, are increasing in incidence globally, with dramatic ecosystem-level consequences. We examined the trophic consequences of invasion by a Spartina hybrid (S. alterniflora x S. foliosa) in San Francisco Bay (USA) by documenting differences in biomass and trophic structure of benthic communities between sediments invaded by Spartina and uninvaded sediments. We found the invaded system shifted from an algae-based to a detritus-based food web. We then tested for a relationship between diet and tolerance to invasion, hypothesizing that species that consume Spartina detritus are more likely to inhabit invaded sediments than those that consume surface algae. Infaunal diets were initially examined with natural abundance stable isotope analyses and application of mixing models, but these yielded an ambiguous picture of food sources. Therefore, we conducted isotopic enrichment experiments by providing 15N-labeled Spartina detritus both on and below the sediment surface in areas that either contained Spartina or were unvegetated. Capitellid and nereid polychaetes, and oligochaetes, groups shown to persist following Spartina invasion of San Francisco Bay tidal flats, took up 15N from labeled native and invasive Spartina detritus. In contrast, we found that amphipods, bivalves, and other taxa less tolerant to invasion consumed primarily surficial algae, based on 13C enrichment experiments. Habitat (Spartina vs. unvegetated patches) and location of detritus (on or within sediments) did not affect 15N uptake from detritus. Our investigations support a "trophic shift" model for ecosystem response to wetland plant invasion and preview loss of key trophic support for fishes and migratory birds by shifting dominance to species not widely consumed by species at higher trophic levels. 相似文献