试论安全设备学的学科体系及知识结构——安全设备学导论

根据学科建设原理，从安全科学技术学科建设需要出发，提出了安全设备学的定义，论述了安全设备学的主要研究内容、目标和方法论，并对构建安全设备工程学的学科体系和知识结构进行了初步探讨     

硫丹对草鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了硫丹暴露对草鱼肝脏、肌肉抗氧化酶及脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,硫丹24 h暴露可诱导草鱼脑AChE活性,当暴露时间延长或质量浓度升高时,AChE活性表现为受抑制,120 h较高质量浓度组抑制率为41.8%和56.2%,抑制率与暴露时间呈良好的线性相关。硫丹暴露24 h后,草鱼肝脏及肌肉SOD、GSH-Px活性受到显著影响,表现出先诱导后缓慢降低的趋势,120 h后SOD活性显著低于对照组水平,GSH-Px活性与对照组无显著差异。在抗氧化酶受到影响的同时,鱼体脂质过氧化LPO程度不断上升,组织MDA含量逐渐增大,96 h达到最高值。硫丹可影响草鱼AChE及抗氧化酶活性,其变化可作为生物标志物,来评价化学污染物对水生动物的生物学效应。     

Ecological‐Niche Modeling and Prioritization of Conservation‐Area Networks for Mexican Herpetofauna

Abstract: One of the most important tools in conservation biology is information on the geographic distribution of species and the variables determining those patterns. We used maximum‐entropy niche modeling to run distribution models for 222 amphibian and 371 reptile species (49% endemics and 27% threatened) for which we had 34,619 single geographic records. The planning region is in southeastern Mexico, is 20% of the country's area, includes 80% of the country's herpetofauna, and lacks an adequate protected‐area system. We used probabilistic data to build distribution models of herpetofauna for use in prioritizing conservation areas for three target groups (all species and threatened and endemic species). The accuracy of species‐distribution models was better for endemic and threatened species than it was for all species. Forty‐seven percent of the region has been deforested and additional conservation areas with 13.7% to 88.6% more native vegetation (76% to 96% of the areas are outside the current protected‐area system) are needed. There was overlap in 26 of the main selected areas in the conservation‐area network prioritized to preserve the target groups, and for all three target groups the proportion of vegetation types needed for their conservation was constant: 30% pine and oak forests, 22% tropical evergreen forest, 17% low deciduous forest, and 8% montane cloud forests. The fact that different groups of species require the same proportion of habitat types suggests that the pine and oak forests support the highest proportion of endemic and threatened species and should therefore be given priority over other types of vegetation for inclusion in the protected areas of southeastern Mexico.