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21.
Gerald T. Ankley Nelson A. Thomas Dominic M. Di Toro David J. Hansen John D. Mahony Walter J. Berry Richard C. Swartz Robert A. Hoke A. Wayne Garrison Herbert E. Allen Christopher S. Zarba 《Environmental management》1994,18(3):331-337
Due to anthropogenic inputs, elevated concentrations of metals frequently occur in aquatic sediments. In order to make defensible
estimates of the potential risk of metals in sediments and/or develop sediment quality criteria for metals, it is essential
to identify that fraction of the total metal in the sediments that is bioavailable. Studies with a variety of benthic invertebrates
indicate that interstitial (pore) water concentrations of metals correspond very well with the bioavailability of metals in
test sediments. Many factors may influence pore water concentrations of metals; however, in anaerobic sediments a key phase
controlling partitioning of several cationic metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, copper) into pore water is acid volatile
sulfide (AVS). In this paper, we present an overview of the technical basis for predicting bioavailability of cationic metals
to benthic organisms based on pore water metal concentrations and metal-AVS relationships. Included are discussions of the
advantages and limitations of metal bioavailability predictions based on these parameters, relative both to site-specific
assessments and the development of sediment quality criteria. 相似文献
22.
First mooted in 2011, the concept of Trapped Populations referring to people unable to move from environmentally high-risk areas broadened the study of human responses to environmental change. While a seemingly straightforward concept, the underlying discourses around the reasons for being ‘trapped’, and the language describing the concept have profound influences on the way in which policy and practice approaches the needs of populations at risk from environmental stresses and shocks. In this article, we apply a Critical Discourse Analysis to the academic literature on the subject to reveal some of the assumptions implicit within discussing ‘trapped’ populations. The analysis reveals a dominant school of thought that assisted migration, relocation, and resettlement in the face of climate change are potentially effective adaptation strategies along a gradient of migrant agency and governance. 相似文献
23.
Flowrate targeting for threshold problems and plant-wide integration for water network synthesis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Foo DC 《Journal of environmental management》2008,88(2):253-274
Water reuse/recycle has gained much attention in recent years for environmental sustainability reasons, as well as the rising costs of fresh water and effluent treatment. Process integration techniques for the synthesis of water network have been widely accepted as a promising tool to reduce fresh water and wastewater flowrates via in-plant water reuse/recycle. To date, the focus in this area has been on water network synthesis problems, with little attention dedicated to the rare but realistic cases of so-called threshold problems. In this work, targeting for threshold problems in a water network is addressed using the recently developed numerical tool of water cascade analysis (WCA). Targeting for plant-wide integration is then addressed. By sending water sources across different geographical zones in plant-wide integration, the overall fresh water and wastewater flowrates are reduced simultaneously. 相似文献
24.
Bryan ND Jones DL Keepax RE Farrelly DH Abrahamsen LG Pitois A Ivanov P Warwick P Evans N 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(4):329-347
Metal ions form strong complexes with humic substances. When the metal ion is first complexed by humic material, it is bound in an 'exchangeable' mode. The metal ion in this fraction is strongly bound, however, if the metal-humic complex encounters a stronger binding site on a surface, then the metal ion may dissociate from the humic substance and be immobilised. However, over time, exchangeably-bound metal may transfer to a 'non-exchangeable' mode. Transfer into this mode and dissociation from it are slow, regardless of the strength of the competing sink, and so immobilisation may be hindered. A series of coupled chemical transport calculations has been performed to investigate the likely effects of non-exchangeable binding upon the transport of metal ions in the environment. The calculations show that metal in the non-exchangeable mode will have a significantly higher mobility than that in the exchangeable mode. The critical factor is the ratio of the non-exchangeable first-order dissociation rate constant and the residence time in the groundwater column, metal ion mobility increasing with decreasing rate constant. A second series of calculations has investigated the effect of the sorption to surfaces of humic/metal complexes on the transport of the non-exchangeably bound metal. It was found that such sorption may reduce mobility, depending upon the humic fraction to which the metal ion is bound. For the more weakly sorbing humic fractions, under ambient conditions (humic concentration etc.) the non-exchangeable fraction may still transport significantly. However, for the more strongly sorbed fractions, the non-exchangeable fraction has little effect upon mobility. In addition to direct retardation, sorption also increases the residence time of the non-exchangeable fraction, giving more time for dissociation and immobilisation. The non-exchangeable dissociation reaction, and the sorption reaction have been classified in terms of two Damkohler numbers, which can be used to determine the importance of chemical kinetics during transport calculations. These numbers have been used to develop a set of rules that determine when full chemical kinetic calculations are required for a reliable prediction, and when equilibrium may be assumed, or when the reactions are sufficiently slow that they may be ignored completely. 相似文献
25.
Rohan Jain Domician Dominic Norbert Jordan Eldon R. Rene Stephan Weiss Eric D. van Hullebusch René Hübner Piet N. L. Lens 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2016,14(3):381-386
Cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic metal contaminating the environment and ending up in wastewaters. There is therefore a need for improved methods to remove Cd by adsorption. Biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles have been shown to adsorb Zn, Cu and Hg, but these nanoparticles have not been tested for Cd removal. Here we studied the time-dependency and adsorption isotherm of Cd onto biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles using batch adsorption experiments. We measured ζ-potential values to assess the stability of nanoparticles loaded with Cd. Results show that the maximum Cd adsorption capacity amounts to 176.8 mg of Cd adsorbed per g of biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles. The ζ-potential of Cd-loaded nanoparticles became less negative from ?32.7 to ?11.7 mV when exposing nanoparticles to an initial Cd concentration of 92.7 mg L?1. This is the first study that demonstrates the high Cd uptake capacity of biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles, of 176.8 mg g?1, when compared to that of traditional adsorbents such as carboxyl-functionalized activated carbon, of 13.5 mg g?1. An additional benefit is the easy solid–liquid separation by gravity settling due to coagulation of Cd-loaded biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles. 相似文献
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28.
Brian Baily Alastair Pearson Peter Collier Dominic Fontana 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2002,8(1):77-86
This paper discusses a research project dealing with the mapping of the intertidal vegetation of several harbours along the
southern coastline of England. It describes in detail the methods used to map the vegetation and gives examples of the results
from these studies. This paper then goes on to explain how these results are applied by the Environment Agency of England
and Wales to improve water quality in the harbours. This type of vegetation mapping is useful in monitoring the development
of the intertidal species includingSpartina, Zostera and of particular importance to this study the green algaeUlva andEnteromorpha. The work was undertaken with funding from the Environment Agency and at present has taken place over a four year period.
The data collected will be used by the Environment Agency to assess macro-algae covervalues for the intertidal area of the
harbours concerned. This forms part of the Agency's commitment to the EU Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Treatment
Directive. Some of the species mapped act as suitable indicators of water quality and are symptoms of entrophication. Other
species are of interest for nature conservation and were recorded to provide a record for longer-term trends in vegetation
patterns within the harbour. This paper aims to provide readers with an understanding of the techniques involved as well as
an evaluation of the methodology. 相似文献
29.
Dominic Bourassa Georges Abdul-Nour 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2016,22(1):131-141
Accidental events in manufacturing industries can be caused by many factors, including work methods, lack of training, equipment design, maintenance and reliability. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of failures of commonly used industrial equipment, such as machines, tools and material handling equipment, to the chain of causality of industrial accidents and incidents. Based on a case study which aimed at the analysis of an existing pulp and paper company's accident database, this paper examines the number, type and gravity of the failures involved in these events and their causes. Results from this study show that equipment failures had a major effect on the number and severity of accidents accounted for in the database: 272 out of 773 accidental events were related to equipment failure, where 13 of them had direct human consequences. Failures that contributed directly or indirectly to these events are analyzed. 相似文献
30.
Joy Ferenbaugh Richard Strauss Dominic Tollit Zhongxing Chen Sandra Diamond 《Marine Biology》2009,156(11):2235-2246
Increasing the scope and accuracy of information about pinniped diets obtainable from non-invasive techniques is increasingly
important, particularly in cases where pinniped species are threatened or endangered. This study is the first to explore the
potential for using elemental analysis of the otoliths found in scat to enhance the information available for diet analyses.
We investigated the effects of pinniped digestion on otolith microchemistry using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). We compared the elements contained in the edges (adult stage) and cores (larval/juvenile stage)
of otoliths from Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), and Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) recovered from the scat of captive Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) to elements in a sample of pristine (undigested) otoliths. We found that digestion had a significant effect on four of the
six sampled combinations of species and otolith region (herring edges and cores, mackerel edges, and pollock cores), and that
Rb most frequently showed significant differences in concentration after digestion. We could significantly discriminate among
species of both pristine and digested otoliths using either otolith edges or cores with the elements Ba, Rb, Sr, Y, and Mg.
When compared to previously identified digested otoliths, unknown samples of the three species of digested otoliths could
be discriminated with 55–100% accuracy depending on species and otolith region. When compared to a library of previously identified
pristine and digested otoliths, unknown samples of digested otoliths could be discriminated to species with 65–88% accuracy.
When the group of unknown digested otoliths was compared to known pristine otoliths, discrimination ranged from 45 to 65%.
These results indicate that elemental analysis could be used to supplement visual identification of otoliths from scat. However,
further research is required to determine whether elemental analysis of digested otoliths could be useful for prey fish population
studies. 相似文献