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An increasing number of organisations are moving towards assessing and reporting their environmental performance in a supply-chain context. Not only are such “footprint”-type assessments seen as more rigorous than sustainability reports created in-house, they also offer more abatement options than assessments limited to an organisation’s premises. Hybrid life-cycle assessment methods combining input-output analysis and process analysis are ideally suited to enumerate organisational footprints, because they were developed to enable overall complete results whilst being application-specific. We apply one of these hybrid methods, the Path Exchange Method to the task of planning for a sustainable campus at the University of Sydney in Australia. We show how this method can be used by an environmental or procurement officer for exploring environmental performance and abatement options across supply chains. We also show how parts of an organisation, for example University faculties, can be assessed and compared against each other. Whilst tools like ones used in this work enable quantitative decision support for procurement and operations policies, it takes staff awareness, engagement and training to successfully put such tools into practice. 相似文献
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Catharina J. E. Schulp Peter H. Verburg Peter J. Kuikman Gert-Jan Nabuurs Jos G. J. Olivier Wim de Vries Tom Veldkamp 《Environmental management》2013,51(3):709-723
National-scale inventories of soil organic carbon (SOC) and forest floor carbon (FFC) stocks have a high uncertainty. Inventories are often based on the interpolation of sampled information, often using a number of covariables to help such interpolation. The rationale for the choice of these covariables is not always documented, despite the fact that many local-scale studies have identified the factors explaining spatial variability of SOC and FFC stocks. These studies indicate, among others the importance of long-term land use history. Despite this, information on the effects of land use history has never been used to explain variability of carbon stocks in national-scale inventories. We designed an alternative method to improve national-scale inventories of SOC and FCC for the Dutch sand area that takes stock of the findings of detailed case studies. Determinants for SOC and FFC stocks derived from landscape-scale case studies were used to map national-scale spatial variability and to calculate national totals. The resulting national-scale spatial distribution was compared with the SOC stock map from the current Dutch greenhouse gas inventory. Using land use history to explain SOC variability decreased the error of the SOC stock estimate in 60 % of the area. The error in FFC stocks decreased in half of the forest area after including soil fertility, tree species, and forest age as explanatory factors. Estimates with reduced uncertainty will make land use and land management a more attractive and acceptable mitigation option to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases for the LULUCF sector. 相似文献
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Monperrus M Point D Grall J Chauvaud L Amouroux D Bareille G Donard O 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(7):693-700
A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted in order to investigate the bioaccumulation of metals and organometals in macrobenthic populations. A complete method coupling a sampling strategy and classification of benthic organisms with a performant analytical procedure for the analysis of both metals and organometals has been developed. A single sample preparation method using a TMAH extraction and species specific isotope dilution makes it possible to analyse metals and organometals in the same extract, which is especially interesting for situations where only a limited amount of sample is available. Low detection limits have been obtained in the range of 12-250 pg g(-1) for mercury and butyltin compounds and 0.4-50 ng g(-1) for metals with good precision (1-10% RSD) even for a very low mass of sample (0.02 g). This method has been applied for monitoring contamination and bioaccumulation of metals and organometals as well as the biodiversity and trophic structure of the macrobenthic population of the Adour Estuary (South-West, France). The benthic macrofauna diversity indicates that inner estuarine stations are moderately polluted whereas outer estuarine stations are less impacted. However, metals concentrations in both sediment and benthic biomass do not change drastically between stations. Moreover, the bioaccumulation has been determined in relation to the feeding guild of benthic organisms. The results demonstrate that higher bioaccumulation is generally observed for deposit feeders directly impacted by sediment contamination compared to suspensive feeders and predators. Biomagnification along the trophic levels was highlighted for MMHg but no significant trend was observed for the other metallic compounds. 相似文献
179.
To determine whether the harvester ant Messor barbarus acts as a seed disperser in Mediterranean grasslands, the accuracy level of seed processing was assessed in the field by
quantifying seed drops by loaded foragers. In the vicinity of exploited seed patches 3 times as many diaspores were found
as in controls due to seed losses by foragers. Over trails, up to 30% of harvested seeds were dropped, singly, by workers
but all were recovered by nestmates within 24 h. Seeds were also dropped within temporary caches with very few viable diaspores
being left per cache when ants no longer used the trail. Globally, ant-dispersed diaspores accounted for only 0.1% of seeds
harvested by M. barbarus. We discuss the possible significance for grassland vegetation of harvester-ant-mediated seed dispersal.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 20 June 2000 相似文献
180.
A flexible matrix algebra framework for the multimedia multipathway modeling of emission to impacts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
When assessing human health or ecosystem impacts of chemicals several calculation steps need to be addressed. Matrix algebra solving techniques are a useful approach to structure and solve the system of mass balance equations assessing chemical fate in environmental multimedia models. We suggest expanding this matrix approach towards a framework which includes the exposure, effect, and damage assessment for human health and ecosystems, also applicable to spatial modeling. Special emphasis is laid upon interpretation of the physical meaning of different elements within the matrices. The proposed framework provides several advantages such as simplified updating or extending of models to new impact pathways, possibility of covering various models within the same framework and transparency. Interpretation of intermediate and final results is facilitated, e.g., allowing for direct identification of dominating exposure pathways. Model comparability and evaluation is well supported, as the four matrices contain all intermediate results in a clear and interpretable way, independent from parameters, such as amount and place of emission. Multidisciplinary work is strongly facilitated enabling the linkage of different models from various disciplines together, since each of its modules defines a clear interface of intermediate results. This framework was reviewed by an independent expert panel within a UNEP/SETAC workshop, and adopted as starting-point for new advances in modeling environmental toxic releases within the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. 相似文献