工伤保险行业差别费率确定方法探讨

制定合理的行业差别费率对于工伤保险基金的稳定、促进企业改善安全生产状况具有积极作用.我国工伤保险制度处于起步阶段,有些地区对行业差别费率厘定进行了探索,但费率与风险的关联性不强,影响了低风险企业参加工伤保险统筹的积极性.本文针对工伤统计数据缺乏的现状,分析了现阶段工伤保险行业差别费率确定方法的研究现状,重点讨论了确定行业风险等级的3种方法,即聚类分析法、风险系数测评和模糊风险评估法的应用过程以及优缺点;另外,强调了在确定行业风险指数时,应注意根据不同事故类别的严重度来确定各风险因素指标的权重大小.最后,应用风险评估理论分析工伤保险行业差别费率的运作机理,提出应用工伤赔付支出费用计算行业差别费率的数学公式,此公式原理清晰、操作方便,且有利于各统筹地区根据实际情况划分行业差别费率.     

小麦秸秆生物炭对石油烃污染土壤的修复作用

以小麦秸秆为原材料,在300℃下缺氧裂解3、6、8 h制备生物炭,比较了3种生物炭的产率、pH值、灰分以及C、H、N元素含量,表征了300℃、6 h生物炭的表面形态,并用其作为修复材料,对大港油田的石油污染土壤进行修复。结果表明,随裂解时间的延长,生物炭产率下降,pH值升高,灰分含量增加,H/C值下降,但产率、pH值、灰分和H/C值都是从3h到6h差异显著,6h到8h差异不显著。C元素含量先升高后下降。石油污染土壤经生物炭修复14 d和28 d后,总石油烃降解率分别为45.48％和46.88％,均显著高于对照组。修复14 d后土壤中的萘、苊、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘也都有不同程度的下降,其中苯并[a]芘含量下降幅度达98.18％,其他几种PAH的降解率也都高于对照组,28 d后这些PAH的含量又有上升趋势。这说明小麦秸秆裂解时间对生物炭的性质有影响;300℃、6 h生物炭可以用来修复石油污染的土壤。     

北京旅游景区游客满意度及其影响因素分析

基于对北京3个重点景区游客的随机问卷调查,借鉴国内外已有的顾客满意度评价模型,构建了城市游客满意度测评模型,并利用SPSS11.5和AMOS5统计软件对北京旅游景点游客满意度进行了测算与评价。结果表明,北京游客综合满意度为69.23,水平还较低;游客的忠诚度较高,游客抱怨度较低;游客满意度主要受感知质量和景区形象影响,较低的感知质量直接导致了较低水平的游客满意度;游览安排和景区特色对感知质量有显著影响。今后,北京应加强景区特色的构建和游客投诉管理,规划更为合理的游览安排,提高社会服务水平,为游客提供“零缺陷”的旅游产品。     

谈企业成本控制

本文从企业的生产成本、资金成本和管理成本等三个方面,谈到了企业在生产经过中降低成本的有效途径和方法,从而增强企业在激烈的市场环境中的竞争力,达到“增收节支”的目的.     

净水厂氯气泄漏的环境风险分析

以丹阳净水厂为例,选取大气非正常排放模式,预测了液氯钢瓶阀门泄漏及爆炸对周围环境和保护目标的影响,并模拟了钢瓶爆裂事故的后果,计算出事故发生时的初始警戒区半径,提出了相应的氯气泄漏防范措施。     

基于奇异谱的精密离心机空气轴承主轴回转系统误差分析

目的提出一种精密离心机主轴回转系统误差分析方法。方法基于奇异谱分析对主轴回转误差的趋势进行提取,采用4个安装指定位置的高精度传感器测量轴回转相对位置变化,对数据进行奇异谱分析,采用差分奇异谱的准则来确定重构数据所需的基本分解信号,重构获得的数据为测量数据的趋势部分,即为主轴回转的系统误差。结果重构获得的数据趋势在各个转速下均与实测结果趋势基本一致。结论基于奇异谱分析的精密离心机空气轴承主轴回转误差趋势分析方法能够有效地用于补偿修正该系统误差。     

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbonmarket, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex,dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared.Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties‘ total reduction requirements range from 503--1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140--612 MtC after USA‘ s withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21--77 BUSD with USA and from 5--36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions‘ share in the all mitigation strategies drons to only 0--16%.     

水中萘普生的紫外光降解机制及其产物毒性研究

以120 W汞灯为紫外光光源,通过活性氧物种(ROS)的淬灭实验和溶解氧(DO)浓度实验和发光菌毒性实验,对水中萘普生(NPX)的降解机制、反应动力学及其产物毒性进行了研究.结果表明,NPX的紫外光降解过程包括了直接光解和ROS参与的自敏化光解两个过程,同时.OH、1O2、O.2-的自敏化光解贡献率分别为0.1%、80.2%、35.7%;溶解氧浓度实验表明,溶解氧对萘普生的降解具有抑制作用,而且浓度越大,抑制效果越明显;发光菌毒性实验表明,萘普生光降解生成了具有较萘普生更高风险的中间产物.本研究中萘普生的所有光解实验过程均符合准一级动力学方程.     

Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process

The electrochemical reduction characteristics of carbon tetrachloride (CT) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry in this study. In addition, the difference in reduction mechanisms of CT between Master Builders' iron and the catalyzed Fe-Cu process was discussed. The results showed that CT was reduced directly on the surface of copper rather than by atomic hydrogen produced at the cathode in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The reduction was realized largely by atomic hydrogen in Master Builders' iron. The entire CT in 350 ml aqueous solution with 320 mgL was reduced to trichloromethane and dichloromethane in 2.25 h when 100 g of scrap iron with FeCu ratio of 10:1 (ww) were used. Moreover, the reduction rate slowed with time. CT could be reduced at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH from solution by Fe-Cu bimetallic media, but the mechanisms were di?erent. The degradation rate was not significantly in?uenced by pH in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process; in Master Builders' iron it clearly increased with decreasing pH. The kinetics of the reductions followed pseudo-first order in both cases. Furthermore, the reductions under acidic conditions proceeded faster than that under the neutral and alkaline conditions. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process was superior to Master Builders' iron in treating CT-containing water and this advantage was particularly noticeable under alkaline conditions. The reduction was investigated in the cathode (Cu) and anode (Fe) compartments respectively, the results showed that the direct reduction pathway played an important role in the reduction by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process is of practical value.     

上海市低碳发展状况分析

气候变化已经引起了世界的广泛关注,各个国家都意识到在经济发展的同时,需要降低能源消费所带来的CO2排放.很多国家和地区通过采取一系列的措施来应对气候变化问题,实现低碳发展的目标.中国作为一个负责任的发展中国家,一直以来高度重视气候变化问题.上海市作为中国经济发展的领头羊,在“节能减排”方面也处于全国的前列,但是和发达国家的一些国际大都市相比,还存在一定的差距.面对全球低碳经济发展的新潮流,如何处理好能源消费和经济发展二者的关系是值得我们关注和思考的一个问题.本文基于国家发展改革委发布的《省级温室气体清单编制指南》,对2001-2010年间上海市能源消费和CO2排放状况进行了测算,并利用LMDI指数分解法对上海市历年碳排放量差异进行了因素分解.另外,选取2008年上海、伦敦和东京三市的CO2排放状况进行了对比,利用Theil指数分解法对城市间的碳强度差异进行了分析.最后通过设置三种不同的发展情景,计算分析了上海市产业结构和能源结构调整的减排潜力.