Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by the bacterium Serratia marcescens N80

By enrichment culturing of the sludge collected from the industrial wastewater treatment pond, we isolated a highly efficient nicosulfuron degrading bacterium Serratia marcescens N80. In liquid medium, Serratia marcescens N80 grows using nicosulfuron as the sole nitrogen source, and the optimal temperature, pH values, and inoculation for degradation are 30-35°C, 6.0-7.0, and 3.0% (v/v), respectively. With the initial concentration of 10 mg L?1, the degradation rate is 93.6% in 96 hours; as the initial concentrations are higher than 10 mg L?1, the biodegradation rates decrease as the nicosulfuron concentrations increase; when the concentration is 400 mg L?1, the degradation rate is only 53.1%. Degradation follows the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 5 mg L?1 and 50 mg L?1. Identification of the metabolites by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) indicates that the degradation of nicosulfuron is achieved by breaking the sulfonylurea bridge. The strain N80 also degraded some other sulfonylurea herbicides, including ethametsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl,and rimsulfuron.     

改性锰砂对废水中锰的吸附特性研究

通过正交实验,研究pH值、反应时间、锰砂投加量和锰砂改性时间等因素对Mn2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在25℃,吸附反应体系pH=9,锰砂投加量为15 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,锰砂的高锰酸钾改性时间为36 h时,改性锰砂对锰的吸附去除率最高,达到了99.99%。四因素的影响顺序为:pH>反应时间>锰砂投加量>锰砂改性时间。在单因素实验中,当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为25 g/L时,经60 min可达吸附平衡,锰的去除率为60.04%,其等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,并且与Langmuir模型的拟合程度更高。本研究还对改性锰砂吸附除锰的机理做了初步探讨。     

Mercury emission and plant uptake of trace elements during early stage of soil amendment using flue gas desulfurization materials

A pilot-scale field study was carried out to investigate the distribution of Hg and other selected elements (i.e., As, B, and Se), i.e., emission to ambient air, uptake by surface vegetation, and/or rainfall infiltration, after flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material is applied to soil. Three FGD materials collected from two power plants were used. Our results show Hg released into the air and uptake in grass from all FGD material-treated soils were all higher (P < 0.1) than the amounts observed from untreated soil. Hg in the soil amended with the FGD material collected from a natural oxidation wet scrubber (i.e., SNO) was more readily released to air compared to the other two FGD materials collected from the synthetic gypsum dewatering vacuum belt (i.e., AFO-gypsum) and the waste water treatment plant (i.e., AFO-CPS) of a forced oxidation FGD system. No Hg was detected in the leachates collected during the only 3-hour, 1-inch rainfall event that occurred throughout the 4-week testing period. For every kilogram of FGD material applied to soil, AFO-CPS released the highest amount of Hg, B, and Se, followed by SNO, and AFO gypsum. Based on the same energy production rate, the land application of SNO FGD material from Plant S released higher amounts of Hg and B into ambient air and/or grass than the amounts released when AFO-gypsum from Plant A was used. Using FGD material with lower concentration levels of Hg and other elements of concern does not necessary post a lower environmental risk. In addition, this study demonstrates that considering only the amounts of trace elements uptake in surface vegetation may under estimate the overall release of the trace elements from FGD material-amended soils. It also shows, under the same soil amendment conditions, the mobility of trace elements varies when FGD materials produced from different processes are used.     

几种倒伞型表面曝气机的充氧性能

对安徽某科技公司产自行研究的几种倒伞型表面曝气器的充氧性能进行模拟比较研究,利用合肥某氧化沟装置在清水条件下对各叶轮的氧总转移系数KLa、理论充氧能力qc、理论动力效率E及水体流速v进行了测试,对比分析了叶片安装角度、片数及叶片设计对充氧能力的影响。结果表明,叶片导流辐板斜角设计对充氧效率影响最大,是叶轮性能提升最关键因素。     

钒基活化液增活V2O5-WO3-MoO3/TiO2催化剂的实验研究

基于催化剂在线增活工艺,以火电厂运行条件下的典型钒钛类失活催化剂为原料,采用单因素变量法展开了钒基活化液各成分对失活催化剂增活效果的研究,对活化液增活后的催化剂进行活性评价及SEM、BET、FT-IR和XRD等分析,考察增活前后NO转换率、催化剂表面形貌及结构的变化情况。研究结果表明,在实验条件下,随着4种活性成分含量的增加,催化剂增活后NO转换率均呈现先升高后降低的规律,NO转换率最高达99%,且增活后催化剂表面活性成分增加,Brnsted酸性位增多,比表面积增加,对烟气具有较强适应力。     

微生物燃料电池与好氧堆肥协同处理餐厨垃圾

实验主张将餐厨固体垃圾和餐厨废水分开处理,并研究微生物燃料电池(MFC)作为餐厨废水和堆肥渗滤液处理工艺的可行性,通过调节不同的有机负荷,分析其生物产电的潜力和处理效率。对于餐厨废水而言,3 000 mg/L是较为理想的处理浓度,输出电压最高,始终维持在0.5 V以上;高于此浓度时电压输出特性与底物浓度呈现反相关,输出电压略低于0.5 V。极化曲线,电化学阻抗分析等也都表明3 000 mg/L是较为理想的处理浓度。而且在各种浓度下经MFC处理后的餐厨废水去除率均在90%左右,出水COD均低于400 mg/L。至于堆肥渗滤液,虽然在产电性能、去除效果上较餐厨废水稍差一些,但整体上与餐厨废水呈现出相似的规律。以上结果表明,餐厨垃圾中的废水可以通过MFC有效的去除和实现能量的回收。     

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor and regional integration analysis to characterize organic matter humification

The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index.     

焦化项目大气污染特征及环境影响评价

以甘肃省酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县某焦化项目为案例,在分析其工艺流程和排污环节的基础上,利用AERMOD模型定量预测评价该焦化项目对区域大气环境质量的影响程度。预测结果表明：SO2,NO2,NH3,H2S的区域最大地面小时质量浓度占标率分别为15.8%,29.6%,16.8%,24.8%;SO2、NO2、苯并[a]芘、固体悬浮物（TSP）的区域最大日均质量浓度占标率分别为7.5%,11.4%,7.2%,95.8%;TSP最大日均质量浓度坐标点为（500,0）,位于厂界内部,高浓度是由焦化厂低矮面源造成的,且浓度随距离消减得较快。     

Removal and mechanism of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous single-metal solutions by a novel biosorbent from waste-activated sludge

The removal and mechanism of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from aqueous single-metal solutions were investigated by using a novel biosorbent from waste-activated sludge. A series of adsorption experiments was designed to disclose the effects of the key factors on the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent for the metal ions. The mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ion was optimized as 2 to balance the adsorption capacity and the removal efficiency. A right shaking speed (150 r/min) not only ensured enough contact frequency between the sorbent and the adsorbate but also reduced the mass transfer resistance. The natural pH value (about 5.5) of the metal solutions benefited a high adsorption capacity of the biosorbent and avoided the consumption of acid or base for pH adjustment. The adsorption reactions belonged to the endothermic process between 15 and 45 °C. As the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed, the meshy structure with long chains and many branches was ideal for the biosorbent to quickly capture the metal ions. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra confirmed that the adsorbed metal ions lay in the precipitates of the adsorption reactions. According to the FTIR analyses, the functional groups responsible for Cu²⁺ adsorption majorly consisted of O–H, N–H, COOH, CONH₂, and the groups containing sulfur and phosphorus, while those for Cd²⁺ adsorption contained O–H, N–H, COOH, and CONH₂. The differences in the responsible functional groups explained the phenomenon that the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent for Cu²⁺ was higher than that for Cd²⁺.     

Enhancement of nitric oxide decomposition efficiency achieved with lanthanum-based perovskite-type catalyst

Direct decompositions of nitric oxide (NO) by La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄, La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄, and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ are experimentally investigated, and the catalysts are tested with different operating parameters to evaluate their activities. Experimental results indicate that the physical and chemical properties of La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are significantly improved by doping with Ba and partial substitution with Pr. NO decomposition efficiencies achieved with La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ are 32% and 68%, respectively, at 400 °C with He as carrier gas. As the temperature is increased to 600 °C, NO decomposition efficiencies achieved with La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄, respectively, reach 100% with the inlet NO concentration of 1000 ppm while the space velocity is fixed at 8000 hr^?1. Effects of O₂, H₂O_(g), and CO₂ contents and space velocity on NO decomposition are also explored. The results indicate that NO decomposition efficiencies achieved with La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄, respectively, are slightly reduced as space velocity is increased from 8000 to 20,000 hr^?1 at 500 °C. In addition, the activities of both catalysts (La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄) for NO decomposition are slightly reduced in the presence of 5% O₂, 5% CO₂, or 5% H₂O_(g). For durability test, with the space velocity of 8000 hr^?1 and operating temperature of 600 °C, high N₂ yield is maintained throughout the durability test of 60 hr, revealing the long-term stability of Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ for NO decomposition. Overall, Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ shows good catalytic activity for NO decomposition.

Implications: Nitrous oxide (NO) not only causes adverse environmental effects such as acid rain, photochemical smog, and deterioration of visibility and water quality, but also harms human lungs and respiratory system. Pervoskite-type catalysts, including La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄, La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄, and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄, are applied for direct NO decomposition. The results show that NO decomposition can be enhanced as La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ is substituted with Ba and/or Pr. At 600 °C, NO decomposition efficiencies achieved with La_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ and Pr_0.4Ba_0.4Ce_0.2SrNiO₄ reach 100%, demonstrating high activity and good potential for direct NO decomposition. Effects of O₂, H₂O_(g), and CO₂ contents on catalytic activities are also evaluated and discussed.