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171.
172.
There is a widely acknowledged need for a single composite index that provides a comprehensive picture of the societal impact of disasters. A composite index combines and logically organizes important information policy‐makers need to allocate resources for the recovery from natural disasters; it can also inform hazard mitigation strategies. This paper develops a Disaster Impact Index (DII) to gauge the societal impact of disasters on the basis of the changes in individuals’ capabilities. The DII can be interpreted as the disaster impact per capita. Capabilities are dimensions of individual well‐being and refer to the genuine opportunities individuals have to achieve valuable states and activities (such as being adequately nourished or being mobile). After discussing the steps required to construct the DII, this article computes and compares the DIIs for two earthquakes of similar magnitude in two societies at different levels of development and of two disasters (earthquake and wind storm) in the same society. 相似文献
173.
Daria Sanna Alberto Addis Francesca Biagi Costantino Motzo Marcella Carcupino Paolo Francalacci 《Marine Biology》2008,153(3):269-275
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used extensively in animals for phylogenetic and population studies but it has been applied
only occasionally to mating systems analysis, where nuclear markers are usually preferred. We used denaturing-high performance
liquid chromatography (D-HPLC) to detect mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms to assess the genetic mating system in Syngnathus abaster. Our study of ten pregnant males, revealed polygyny in 30% of the males, who carried embryos originating from multiple females.
In addition, 30% of the pregnant males carried embryos with the same mitochondrial haplotype. This is not sufficient to demonstrate
polyandry but allows a rapid selection and a reduced sample size for further studies. In conclusion, the proposed technique
is time- and cost-effective, allows the certain identification of polygyny and provides useful information to study polyandry. 相似文献
174.
Paolo Galeotti Diego Rubolini Fabio Pupin Roberto Sacchi Mauro Fasola 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(11):1739-1745
Asymmetry in traits of sexual relevance may impair copulation behaviour and sexual performance of males, ultimately resulting
in a fitness cost. Freshwater crayfish males use chelae, a sexually selected trait, to secure and position the female prior
to and during mating. Thus, a relatively large chelae asymmetry, resulting from accidental loss and regeneration of one cheliped
after autotomy, could have great consequences for male sexual behaviour. We studied copulatory behaviour and sperm expenditure
of males paired to a mated female in Austropotamobius italicus, a freshwater crayfish species where both male and female mate multiply and where last-mating males are able to actively
remove previously deposited sperm. We aimed at assessing whether male sperm removal and expenditure varied according to sperm
allocated by first-mating males, and according to copulation behaviour and phenotypic traits (carapace length, chelae length
and relative chelae asymmetry) of second-mating males. Second-mating males did not adjust their ejaculate size in relation
to first-mating male ejaculate, nor to the first-mating male’s sperm removed. Moreover, the amount of sperm removed by second-mating
males increased with increasing first-mating males ejaculate size, and first-mating male sperm remaining after removal did
not correlate with the original first-mating male ejaculate size. Interestingly, the amount of sperm removed by second-mating
males decreased with increasing relative chelae asymmetry, while increasing with male body size. However, second-mating (but
not first-mating) asymmetric-clawed males produced larger ejaculates than symmetric-clawed ones. Importantly, the proportion
of second-mating male sperm remaining after the two matings did not vary with relative chelae asymmetry nor with body size
of second-mating males. Thus, small, asymmetric-clawed crayfish males appear to adopt sperm allocation tactics that allow
them to fully compensate for their inferior sperm removal ability. 相似文献
175.
Vecchi R Bernardoni V Fermo P Lucarelli F Mazzei F Nava S Prati P Piazzalunga A Valli G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,154(1-4):283-300
Nowadays, high-time resolved aerosol studies are mandatory to better understand atmospheric processes, such as formation, removal, transport, deposition or chemical reactions. This work focuses on PM10 physical and chemical characterisation with high-time resolution: elements (from Na to Pb), ions and OC/EC fractions concentration were determined during two weeks in summer and two in winter 2006 with 4-hours resolution. Further measurements aimed at hourly elemental characterisation of fine and coarse fractions and at the determination of particles number concentration in the 0.25-32 microm size range in 31 bins. The chemical mass closure was carried out in both seasons, enhancing intra-day differences in PM10 composition. In Milan, the highest contribution came from organic matter (34% and 33% in summer and winter, respectively); other important contributors were secondary inorganic compounds (16% and 24% in summer and winter, respectively) and, in summer, crustal matter (14%). Temporal trends showed strong variations in PM10 composition during contiguous time-slots and diurnal variations in different components contribution were identified. Moreover, peculiar phenomena, which would have hardly been detected with 24-hours samplings, were evidenced. Particles removal due to precipitations, aerosol local production and long range transport were studied in detail. 相似文献
176.
Stranger M Potgieter-Vermaak S Sacco P Quaglio F Pagani D Cocheo C Godoi AF Van Grieken R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,149(1-4):411-417
A diffusive sampling method for the determination of gaseous acetic and formic acids, using a radial symmetry diffusive sampler, has been optimised for a 7-day exposure time in this study. Sampling rate determinations were performed on data obtained from a dynamic exposure chamber, simulating the indoor conditions of an empty, closed, room, at room temperature and minimal wind speed. Analysis has been performed by means of ion chromatography. The sampling rates for formic acid concentrations of 128 microg m(-3) and 1248 microg m(-3) were determined to be 91.2 +/- 3.9 ml min(-1) and 111.6 +/- 2.8 ml min(-1), respectively. The acetic acid sampling rate was independent of the concentration in the range 160 microg m(-3)-1564 microg m(-3), and amounted to 97.3 +/- 3.1 ml min(-1). Experimentally determined sampling rates showed deviations of 3% for acetic acid, and 3-21% for formic acid, in relation to theoretically derived values. The blank values were as low as 1.69 +/- 0.07 microg for formic acid and 1.21 +/- 0.14 microg for acetic acid, and detection limits lower than 0.5 microg m(-3) could be achieved, which is an improvement of 98-99% compared to previously validated diffusive sampling methods. This study describes the first step of an extended validation program in which the applicability of these types of samplers for the measurement of organic acids will be validated and optimised for the environmental conditions typical for museum showcases. 相似文献
177.
Trivero P Biamino W Borasi M Cavagnero M Musa M Rinaudo C Sesia V 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(7):4461-4472
A new index named Air Quality Balance Index (AQBI), which is able to characterise the amount of pollution level in a selected area, is proposed. This index is a function of the ratios between pollutant concentration values and their standards; it aims at identifying all situations in which there is a possible environmental risk even when several pollutants are below their limit values but air quality is reduced. AQBI is evaluated by using a high-resolution three-dimensional dispersion model: the air concentration for each substance is computed starting from detailed emissions sources: point, line and area emissions hourly modulated. This model is driven with accurate meteorological data from ground stations and remote sensing systems providing vertical profiles of temperature and wind; these data are integrated with wind and temperature profiles at higher altitudes obtained by a Local Area Model. The outputs of the dispersion model are compared with pollutant concentrations provided by measuring stations, in order to recalibrate emission data. A three-dimensional high resolution grid of AQBI data is evaluated for an industrial area close to Alessandria (Northern Italy), assessing air quality and environmental conditions. Performance of AQBI is compared with the Air Quality Index (AQI) developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AQBI, computed taking into account all pollutants, is able to point out situations not evidenced by AQI, based on a preset limited number of substances; therefore, AQBI is a good tool for evaluating the air quality either in urban and in industrial areas. The AQBI values at ground level, in selected points, are in agreement with in situ observations. 相似文献
178.
Tato L Tremolada P Ballabio C Guazzoni N Parolini M Caccianiga M Binelli A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2656-2664
The seasonal and spatial variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in vegetation and cow milk was studied in a high altitude pasture in the Alps (1900 m a.s.l.). PCB contamination in vegetation shows a concentration peak in June, which is mainly interpreted as the consequence of a temporary PCB enrichment of the air layer above the ground due to net emission fluxes from the soil. A three compartment dynamic model was developed to test this hypothesis. The North/South enrichment factor in the vegetation was 1.5-1.6 for penta- and hexa-substituted congeners and 1.7 for hepta- and octa-PCBs, according to the effect of temperature on compounds having higher Koa values. Milk concentrations followed the vegetation seasonal trend. The congener abundance in milk is in agreement with the biotransformation susceptibility, absorption efficiency and residence time of the different congeners in dairy cows. 相似文献
179.
Industrial use of organotins such as butyltins and phenyltins has increased several folds during the last two decades. Butyltins and phenyltins are synthetic, multipurpose chemicals, which have been extensively used in marine antifouling paints. They have been known to be extremely poisonous to mollusc fishery resources (oysters, clams, etc.). Contamination of Zuari estuary sediments was assessed by quantitative determination of butyltins and phenyltins by using GC-MS using the electron ionization mode. Butyltins predominated in the whole area over phenyltins. Butyltins contributed about 70-90% of the organotins in general. The concentration of butyltins in sediments ranged from 20 to 7621 ng Sn/g. The concentration of phenyltins in sediments ranged from 0 to 46 ng Sn/g. Degradation indices for butyltins and phenyltins were calculated. The Butyltin degradation index (BDI) for the Zuari sediments ranged from 0 to 2.7 indicating a lot of fresh input of butyltins in the estuary and a lower degradation rate. The phenyltin degradation index (PhDI) ranged from 1 to 10 implying that different processes were prevalent at different stations. The observed organotin levels in the Zuari estuary indicate some highly localized areas of contamination which are severe enough to cause harmful effects on marine flora and fauna. Therefore, there is a need to regulate the use of butyltins and phenyltins as biocides in marine antifouling paints. 相似文献
180.
Pasquale Spezzano Paolo Picini Dario Cataldi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(3):539-545
Gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations evaluated in the exhaust of 10 two-stroke, 50-cm3 mopeds belonging to three different levels of emission legislation (EURO-0, EURO-1 and EURO-2) were used to assess the prevalent mechanism driving the gas/particle partitioning of PAHs in moped exhaust. Sampling was performed on a dynamometer bench both during the “cold-start” and the “hot” phases of the ECE-47 driving cycle. Gas and particulate phase PAHs were collected on polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs and 47-mm Pallflex T60A20 filters, respectively, under isokinetic conditions by using sampling probes inserted into the dilution tunnel of a Constant Volume Sampling – Critical Flow Venturi (CVS–CFV) system.The results show that semi-volatile PAHs were predominantly partitioned to the particle phase. The soluble organic fraction (SOF) of the collected particulates ranged between 72 and 98%. Measured total suspended particulate matter normalized partition coefficients (Kp) were predicted within a factor of 3–5 by assuming absorption into the organic fraction according to a model developed by Harner and Bidleman [Harner, T., Bidleman, T.F., 1998. Octanol–air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 1494–1502.]. This suggests that the gas/particle partitioning in moped exhaust is mainly driven by the high fraction of organic matter of the emitted particles and that absorption could be the main partitioning mechanism of PAHs. 相似文献