Using consequence analysis on some chlorine operation hazards and their possible effects on neighborhoods in central Taiwan

The applications of chlorine have been broadly used in many industrial products, such as bleaching agents, synthetic rubbers, plastics, disinfectants, iron chlorides, fire refractory materials, insecticides, and anti-freezers, etc. According to the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), more than 30 thousand tons were used in the year 2000. In addition, there were more than 12 reported incidents from 2000 to 2003—mostly on using chlorine as disinfectants (five) and as process agents (four).

This study investigated 15 chlorine operation plants in central Taiwan. These chlorine usages included bleaching agents, disinfectants, iron chloride, synthesizing rubber plastics, and others. Thirteen plants were located in the industrial parks and two were in or near residential zones. The consequence analysis were used three different methods to analyze the worst-case scenarios (WCSs) and alternative release case scenarios (ACSs) in order to compare impact zones for applying various active and passive mitigation systems, such as confined space, scrubber, water-spray, and so no. For two plants in or near residential zones, multi-layers mitigation systems and operation limits should be implemented in order to enforce more stringent protection measures. However, there was no specific regulation for chlorine plants operated at different locations, such as industrial parks or residential zones. In order to reduce chemical accidents and their impacts on public safety, our results suggest that source mitigation/management and warning systems should be adopted simultaneously.     

Unreliability of co‐occurrence‐based sediment quality guidelines for contaminated sediment evaluations at Superfund/hazardous chemical sites

Many Superfund/hazardous chemical sites include waterbodies whose sediments contain hazardous chemicals. With the need to assess, rank, and remediate contaminated sediments at such sites, as well as in other waterways, regulators seek a simple, quantitative assessment approach that feeds easily into a decision‐making scheme. Numeric, co‐occurrence‐based “sediment quality guidelines” have emerged with the appearance of administrative simplicity. However, the very foundation of the co‐occurrence approach, based on the total concentrations of a chemical(s) in sediment, is technically invalid; its application relies on additional technically invalid presumptions. Use of technically invalid evaluation approaches renders any assessment of the significance of sediment contamination unreliable. This article reviews the technical roots and assumptions of the co‐occurrence‐based SQGs, the fundamental flaws in the rationale behind their development and application, and their misapplication for sediment quality evaluation. It also reviews concepts and approaches for the more reliable evaluation, ranking, and cleanup assessment of contaminated sediments at Superfund sites and elsewhere. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

青岛海洋环境碳纤维复合材料与低合金钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的 探究碳纤维复合材料在舰船应用时与金属材料的电偶腐蚀问题。方法 针对一种典型舰船用碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料,在青岛海洋大气环境下开展0.5、1、1.5、2 a期的自然曝晒试验,进而采用电化学分析手段考察其与低合金钢的电偶腐蚀效应,结合老化机制探究碳纤维复合材料的老化行为对其与钢电偶腐蚀的影响。结果及结论 在青岛大气环境曝晒不同周期的复合材料试样,开路电位与低合金钢相差较大,存在较高的电偶腐蚀倾向。随曝晒时间的延长,复合材料表面微裂纹不断产生、扩展,导致电化学反应活性点增多,两者电偶电流密度随之增大。在青岛海洋大气环境下暴露2 a后,碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料与低合金钢的电偶电流为0.356 9 μA/cm²,两者的电偶腐蚀敏感性达到B级。     

氯化处理船舶压载水对外来生物存活的影响

初步研究了氯化处理船舶压载水对外业生物存活的影响。结果表明，氯化自理对杀灭中的细菌最为有效；对单细胞灌类则依种类需要不同浓度的有效氯，有的种类在４０ｍｇ／Ｌ有效氯作用下依然能存活。     

浅谈挥发性有机废气的处理方法

本文介绍了挥发性有机废气的生物处理方法和技术应用,对在国内外应用较广的吸附法、热破坏法、冷凝法、生物法进行了阐述,通过和其它废气处理工艺进行的经济技术对比,表明了生物处理工艺在其适用范围内的优越性.     

模糊数学在湟水流域水质综合评价中的应用

应用模糊数学进行环境质量的综合评价,获得了良好的结果.     

钴铁镍三元水滑石催化PMS降解水中刚果红

采用化学共沉淀法制备由过渡金属钴、铁、镍组成的磁性三元水滑石CoFeNi-LDH,催化过硫酸氢钾（PMS）产生SO4-·自由基,降解水中偶氮染料刚果红（CR）,系统地考察了初始pH、催化剂投加量、PMS投加量对降解CR的影响。实验结果表明：在pH=4.0~10.0范围内,CoFeNi-LDH/PMS催化体系对CR的降解速率均较高;随着CoFeNi-LDH和PMS投加量的增加,CR的降解速率也逐渐加快。3次循环再生实验后,CoFeNi-LDH对CR的降解率在20 min内依然保持在88%左右。实验结果表明,这种新型磁性三元水滑石不仅具有高效的催化效果而且易于从水中分离,在有机染料废水的处理方面,有着良好的前景。     

Fe3O4/ZrO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解

以浸渍法制备的新型纳米Fe3O4/ZrO2为催化剂,3,4-二氯三氟甲苯(3,4-DCBTE)为目标污染物,用Fe3O4/ZrO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对目标污染物进行降解,考察催化剂的催化效果和温度、pH、H2O2投加量和掺杂比等因素对催化剂催化效果的影响。结果表明,以纳米Fe3O4/ZrO2作为催化剂的非均相类Fenton体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的处理效果极佳;随着温度的升高,纳米Fe3O4/ZrO2的催化效果不断提高;当pH降低时,催化剂的催化效果有明显提升,原始pH(pH=5.7)时反应去除效果最佳,去除率可达88.6%;催化剂用量的增加同样可以提高3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解效率;催化剂中Fe3O4:ZrO2的物质的量比为1:2时效果较其他掺杂比的催化剂效果更好,去除率最终可以达到96.82%;当H2O2投加量增加时,3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解效率先提高后降低,投加量为0.3 mL时去除效果最好,几乎可以完全去除目标有机物。以Fe3O4/ZrO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系处理3,4-二氯三氟甲苯时,目标污染物的降解符合一级反应动力学。     

生物酶生态修复重金属污染土壤

以多种重金属污染的土壤为材料,研究了酶对重金属的去除效果.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法对重金属去除的反应条件进行优化,结果表明,α-淀粉酶质量浓度0.2%、pH 3.5、反应时间12 h为最佳淋洗修复条件,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn去除率分别为82.36%、75.02%、38.38%、34.69%和57.54%,去除率的大小顺序为Cd >Cr >Zn >Cu >Ni.酶作为土壤的组成部分,利用酶修复重金属污染的土壤,可以降低环境风险,具有较好应用前景.     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧底渣的特性和PAHs含量及毒性浸出

研究了不同粒径垃圾焚烧底渣的质量分布、物质成分(XRF)、晶体结构(XRD)、PAHs含量、酸反应特性、PAHs含量以及在2种浸出液中的毒性浸出情况。在比较国内外相关研究的基础上,实验得出垃圾焚烧底渣主要分布在粒径大于0.28 mm范围内,相比一些地区的研究结果要偏细;主要的物质成分为SiO2、CaO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、Na2O和K2O,而主要的晶体结构则分别为CaCO3、SiO2、Ca(OH)2和Mg0.3Ca0.97CO3,都与其他地区的研究结果基本相同;PAHs含量为0.043 4~0.247 mg/kg,与一些研究欧洲地区底渣中PAHs的含量的结果基本相近,且PAHs同类物的含量也随着底渣粒径的减小而增大;同时,实验还得出底渣中8种重金属在2种浸出液中的浸出浓度都未超出危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准值(GB 5085.3-2007),但当底渣粒径大于0.6 mm时,其对环境中酸性物质的缓冲能力变弱。通过比较国外的一些研究结果,得出如将底渣作为建材利用时,需采用相应防范措施以防止其所含的重金属对周围土壤和水体的影响。希望能为进一步认识、处理和利用垃圾焚烧底渣提供一定的理论参考。