曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中污泥活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响

研究了曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中活性污泥主要活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响.通过排出剩余污泥的办法维持活性污泥浓度在4000 mg·L-1左右,并连续运行75 d.运行期间,每日检测活性污泥的各项性质指标便于反映污泥特性的变化.结果表明,随着反应器运行时间的延长,污泥脱氢酶活性逐渐增加,其对反应器的运行有着两方面的作用,一方面会强化微生物对污染物的去除,但另一方面则导致了胞外聚合物的增加,并加速膜污染.而污泥表观产率则随着运行时间的延长先增加后有所减少,其粒径逐渐减小,且胞外聚合物呈现增加的趋势,总的出水水质情况逐渐提高,与此同时,反应器内原生动物及后生动物在运行前期较少,而在后期大量出现.膜污染分析结果表明运行后期膜污染速度明显加快,其原因在于:污泥粒径的减小以及胞外聚合物的增加导致细小颗粒及胞外聚合物堵塞或在膜表面沉积数量增加.     

粉煤灰负载Fe2O3脱除气态单质汞的试验研究

在固定床反应器中研究了利用燃煤电厂固废粉煤灰(FA)负载Fe2O3所制备的Fe2O3/FA催化剂对气态Hg0的脱除情况,发现Fe2O3/FA具有较高的脱除Hg0的能力.同时,考察了Fe2O3负载量、温度、空速、Hg0浓度、烟气成分等对Fe2O3/FA脱除Hg0的影响.结果表明,Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除能力随Fe2O3负载量(1%~10%)的增加和温度(120~200℃)的升高而增强;Fe2O3/FA在较低的空速和Hg0浓度条件下表现出了更高的脱除Hg0的活性;HCl和O2促进了Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除,而SO2和H2O抑制了Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除.逐级化学提取实验结果证实,Fe2O3将Hg0氧化为Hg2+的化合物并吸附在FA上,这是Fe2O3/FA具有较高的脱除Hg0能力的原因.     

EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液的微生物生态学及机理分析研究

通过DNA提取,PCR扩增和DGGE分离,用BLAST程序进行相似性比较分析体系中微生物群落多样性。所有序列与数据库中16S rDNA序列的相似性在94%~100%之间。从整个挂膜过程考虑,挂膜时间应在8天左右。渗滤液中污染物的去除与投加EM有很大的关系,但是渗滤液中原始菌种的贡献同样不可忽视。投加EM菌剂促进了渗滤液中群落结构演替和功能优化,并最终通过EM菌剂和渗滤液中原始菌群的共同作用实现渗滤液处理系统效能提高和完善。     

普兰店市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应研究

基于研究区2010年的土地利用图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,定量分析了普兰店市景观空间格局及其生态环境效应.结果表明：（1）普兰店市旱地景观面积最大、分布最广,其面积比例为47.1％,林地景观的面积比例也较大,草地和沼泽地的面积比例较小.平均斑块面积0.82 km2/个,景观多样性指数为1.35,优势度指数为0.73,均匀度指数为0.62;（2）大部分旱地景观分布在普兰店市南部,林地景观大多分布在北方.城乡用地、水田则相对集中分布在南部沿海地区;（3）普兰店市的生态环境指数为0.40,生态环境质量总体一般.     

三峡库区水质和水龄数值模拟研究

三峡水库是我国重要的生态屏障和水资源战略储备库,保护水库的水质安全对于国家经济发展和社会稳定具有重要战略意义.本文基于EFDC模型模拟了2010-2014年三峡库区及主要支流的水动力水质过程,重点研究上游来水和重点支流对库区水质的影响及水龄变化特征,结果表明:①模型可定量研究重点支流输入对库区水质的影响,17条支流中仅...     

事故车辆影响下的城市三车道道路交通流仿真

为探究事故车辆对城市三车道道路交通影响机制,首先,分析考虑事故车辆的城市三车道道路交通流特征;然后,构建左车道优先且考虑主动抢道和被动抢道行为的元胞自动机交通流模型;最后;研究事故持续时间td变化时事故车辆分别位于M道和R道的城市道路交通流演化.结果 表明:事故车辆会形成交通瓶颈,呈现上游车辆聚集下游车辆稀疏的时空特征...     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

碱渣对锌（Ⅱ）离子吸附特性的研究

研究了锌在碱渣表面的吸附特征.结果表明,碱渣总吸附量随体系温度的升高而降低;随体系 pH 值的升高而增加;随吸附质初始浓度的增加而增大.在 pH<5.51 时其等温吸附能较好地符合 Freudlich 等温吸附规律,而在 pH5.51 时,能较好地符合 Langmuir 等温吸附规律,吸附热随 pH 的增大而升高.当pH≤5.51时,碱渣的吸附力以范德华力平和疏水键力的作用为主,而当 pH6.17 时,以化学键力为主.在 pH 为 5.05、6.07和7.03时,碱渣对 Zn26 的吸附动力学方程都以 Langmuir 方程的拟合效果最优.     

Source analysis of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban atmosphere of a northern city in China

Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were investigated at six sampling sites in the heating (February to March 2001) and nonheating (August to September 2001) periods in an industrial city in Northern China. Thirteen PAHs were measured. The total average concentrations (nanograms per meter cubed) of PAHs ranged between 78.93 and 214.63 during the heating period and from 31.48 to 102.26 in the nonheating period. Benzo(a)pyrene occurred at the highest level at a site near an industrial area but occurred at low concentrations far from the city center and industrial areas. In addition, ambient PAH profiles were studied. The five and six-ring species occurred in high fractions at the sampling site. By diagnostic ratio analysis, the major source at each sampling site in the city was coal combustion in the heating period; in the nonheating period, the major sources were relatively complex. Finally, the similarities among the six regions were assessed by principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and coefficient of divergence. These multivariate statistical analyses produced similar results, which agreed with the results from the diagnostic ratio analysis.     

Use of inert C&D materials for seawall foundation: quality control measures

The technical viability of using inert construction and demolition (C&D) materials for the construction of seawall and breakwater foundations has been established by laboratory testing of the materials, numerical analysis of foundation stability, and a pilot field-scale engineering performance evaluation. However, quality control measures are still required so that only suitable materials are used for seawall and breakwater foundation construction. The development of different quality control measures for different site conditions is presented in this paper. The rationale, practicality, and implementation of these quality control measures are also discussed.