基于GIS格网化分析支撑的旅游空间规划技术方法研究——以青岛市为例

空间规划是支撑旅游地发展规划的核心章节,目前主要依靠规划者经验判断,主观性较强,缺乏客观方面的信息数据支持。论文将GIS格网化与旅游资源评价模型相结合,提出了旅游资源单体采集、旅游资源格网化及其空间分析方法,并融合旅游资源群评价模型、旅游功能区识别模型、旅游线路和空间发展轴线识别模型予以支撑,形成了标准化的旅游资源采集、评价到空间识别的集成技术方法;并以青岛市为例,识别出了旅游资源集群及其发展潜力、旅游功能区和空间拓展轴线,确立了“一心、一带、三轴、五区”的空间发展格局。论文初步探讨了GIS格网化空间分析方法在区域旅游规划中的应用,能够补充传统定性评价方法客观性不足的缺陷,实现复杂旅游资源数据的单体评价、旅游资源集群评价、旅游功能区识别、旅游线路和空间发展轴线优选的系列化分析技术路线,可为延伸旅游规划深度、提高规划精度提供科学参考。     

测土配方施肥对油菜生产的影响——基于1 722份田间试验材料的经济学分析

论文基于1 722份田间试验数据,将氮、磷、钾肥的投入量和油菜的产出量分别折算为相应的具体投入值和产出值,首先,运用超越对数生产函数模型计算出各种化肥要素的边际产出,研究发现氮、磷、钾肥的投入对油菜产出值的作用大小存在一定差异,对油菜产出值的影响大小关系为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,其中氮肥的产出弹性值为0.288 3,磷肥的产出弹性值为0.180 3,钾肥的产出弹性值为0.087 7。其次,继续探究氮、磷、钾肥在油菜生产中的相互关系,结果显示,氮肥替代弹性系数为-0.058 8,磷肥为0.120 9,钾肥为0.281 0。最后,测算出使油菜产出值最大的氮肥最佳投入值为951.20 元/hm²,最佳磷肥投入值为3 766.08 元/hm²,最佳钾肥投入值为621.32 元/hm²。     

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone: Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter(PM) in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecastwarning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and 16 trace elements in the PM_(2.5) section(Ca, Pb, Cu, Cl, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba)are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic,combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%,respectively. Prediction of plume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM_(10) pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven't captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km~2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.     

青堆子湾滩涂围垦对大型底栖动物的影响

为了研究滩涂围垦对近岸大型底栖动物群落结构的影响,于2011~2012年在青堆子海湾布设了16个监测站位,开展了4个季节的调查工作。运用ABC曲线、聚类分析（CLA）,重点分析了滩涂围垦对大型底栖生物分布的影响。结果表明:（1）近岸大型底栖动物群落结构受扰动明显,与历史数据对比,物种数、栖息密度、生物量下降明显,经济物种损失严重;（2）近岸大型底栖动物种数、栖息密度、生物量明显低于远岸;（3）ABC曲线、聚类分析结果表明,调查海域大型底栖生物群落受干扰程度明显,群落结构相似性程度较低,滩涂围垦导致近岸沉积环境形成了多个不同类型的小生境。     

Does planned retreat matter? Investigating land use change under the impacts of flooding induced by sea level rise

Coastal regions worldwide are during the process of rapid urban expansion. However, expanded urban settlements in land-sea interfaces have been faced with unprecedented threats from climate change related hazards. Adaptation to coastal hazards has received increasing attention from city managers and planners. Adaptation and land management practices are largely informed by remote sensing and land change modeling. This paper establishes a framework that integrates land change analysis, coastal flooding, and sea level rise adaptation. Multilayer perceptron neural network, similarity learning, and binary logistic regression were applied to analyze spatiotemporal changes of residential, commercial, and other built-up areas in Bay County, Florida, USA. The prediction maps of 2030 were produced by three models under four policy scenarios that included the population relocation strategy. Validation results reveal that three models return overall acceptable accuracies but generate distinct landscape patterns. Predictions indicate that planned retreat of residents can greatly reduce urban vulnerability to sea level rise induced flooding. While managed realignment of the coast brings large benefits, the paper recommends different mixes of adaptation strategies for different parts of the globe, and advocates the application of reflective land use planning to foster a more disaster resilient coastal community.     

Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements

Promoting plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) is one important option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants for road transportation sector. In 2015, more than 220,000 new PHEVs were registered across the world, indicating a 25-fold growth during 2011–2015. However, more criticizes have been put forward against the current energy efficiency regulations for vehicles that are mostly depended on laboratory measurements. To better understand the real-world energy-saving and emission mitigation benefits from PHEVs, we conducted on-road testing experiments under various operating conditions for two in-use PHEVs in Beijing, China. Our results indicate that air condition usage, congested traffic conditions, and higher loading mass could significantly increase energy consumption and shorten actual all-electric distance for PHEVs. For example, the worst case (14.1 km) would occur under harshest usage conditions, which is lower by at least 35% than the claimed range over 20 km. In charge sustaining (CS) mode, real-world fuel consumption also presents a large range from 3.5 L/100 km to 6.3 L/100 km because of varying usage conditions. Furthermore, various vehicle users have significantly different travel profiles, which would lead to large heterogeneity of emission mitigation benefits among individual PHEV adopters. Therefore, this study suggests that the global policy makers should use real-world energy efficiency of emerging electrified powertrain techniques as criteria to formulate relevant regulations and supportive policies.     

菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响

中国是食用菌生产大国,每年食用菌菌渣产出量较大,为探明菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响,于2017年3~9月,通过盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、9 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(LM)、18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(MM)、36 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(HM)这5种处理稻田土壤温室气体的排放规律,并采用土壤碳库法对农田系统净温室气体排放(NGHGE)进行评价.结果表明:(1)土壤温室气体(包括CH_4、CO_2、N_2O)排放随着菌渣还田量的增加而增加,CH_4排放量顺序为:HMMMLM≈NPKCK;HM处理显著增加了CH_4的排放通量(P0.01),其他处理差异并不显著(P0.05),CH_4排放通量LM处理呈双峰型曲线,MM处理呈多峰型,HM处理呈现非常明显的单峰型曲线;CO_2累积排放量大小依次为:MMNPK≈LMHMCK,CO_2排放通量曲线LM处理呈单峰型、MM处理呈双峰型、HM处理呈现多峰型;NPK处理N_2O累积排放量显著高于其他处理,N_2O排放通量曲线NPK处理呈双峰型、LM和MM处理呈现多峰型,HM呈单峰型变化;(2)LM处理土壤固碳能力较低,NPK、MM与HM处理土壤固碳能力均较高;MM处理土壤固碳能力显著高于其他处理(P0.01),比纯施化肥处理提高了59.2%,比LM和HM处理提高了87.79%和65.65%;与土壤固碳能力相反,LM处理植物固碳能力最高,比NPK和MM处理提高了16.1%~22.2%,约为CK处理和HM处理的2.1倍;(3)MM处理整个水稻生产期NGHGE值最小,为-490.29 kg·hm~(-2),表现为温室气体的"汇",18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣还田是紫色水稻土净温室气体排放最优的还田方式.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,在温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30.0±0.2)mg·L~(-1),pH为(7.2±0.2),考察了NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N分别为0.9、1.1、1.3、1.4、1.5和1.6时,对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的浓度分别为0.8、1.5和7.7 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的去除率分别高达96.2%、95.4%和85.3%,此时脱氮性能最好,与发生厌氧氨氧化时NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N理论值1.32比较接近.     

微塑料对近岸多环芳烃降解菌群结构及其降解能力的影响

近海岸微塑料的污染问题日益突出,对周围生态环境造成了严重的影响.微塑料研究主要集中于微塑料在生物体内的积累,而有关微塑料对微生物生态的影响研究还很少.本文针对受微塑料影响较严重的近岸环境,从受石油污染的近岸水体中富集驯化得到功能菌群菲降解菌群MB1,探究微塑料对近岸菲降解菌群结构及降解能力的影响.结果表明:微塑料的添加在一定程度上促进菲的降解;SEM扫描电镜分析进一步显示微生物附着在微塑料上并分泌丝状物质;采用Illumina序列分析添加微塑料后菌群结构的变化,发现培养6 d后在有添加微塑料的体系中优势菌属以Glaciecola为主,而未添加的对照组中优势菌属是Rhdovulum,说明微塑料的添加可明显改变降解多环芳烃的菌群结构,进而影响污染物的降解能力.     

南通沿海潮间带土-气界面CO2交换特征

选择南通协兴港附近裸露潮滩,使用便携式土壤通量测量系统开展潮间带湿地CO₂通量监测,研究无植被覆盖条件下潮间带碳通量特征及其影响因素的关系.实验结果表明,各潮滩CO₂固定水平表现为高潮带 < 中潮带 < 低潮带.低潮带叶绿素a含量较高,对CO₂的吸收能力较强,而高潮带有机碳含量高,微生物呼吸作用释放的CO₂通量较高,研究区整体上表现为对CO₂净吸收.此外,CO₂净固定通量随土壤有机碳含量和落潮时间增加而下降,与土壤叶绿素a含量和地下水位关系密切.研究成果对于明确人类活动对江苏沿海潮间带裸露光滩碳循环的影响具有重要意义.