全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3381篇 |
免费 | 72篇 |
国内免费 | 33篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 124篇 |
废物处理 | 102篇 |
环保管理 | 611篇 |
综合类 | 549篇 |
基础理论 | 881篇 |
环境理论 | 9篇 |
污染及防治 | 818篇 |
评价与监测 | 196篇 |
社会与环境 | 149篇 |
灾害及防治 | 47篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 17篇 |
2021年 | 41篇 |
2020年 | 20篇 |
2019年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 80篇 |
2017年 | 78篇 |
2016年 | 86篇 |
2015年 | 87篇 |
2014年 | 97篇 |
2013年 | 246篇 |
2012年 | 164篇 |
2011年 | 203篇 |
2010年 | 150篇 |
2009年 | 166篇 |
2008年 | 175篇 |
2007年 | 209篇 |
2006年 | 206篇 |
2005年 | 150篇 |
2004年 | 113篇 |
2003年 | 104篇 |
2002年 | 116篇 |
2001年 | 66篇 |
2000年 | 60篇 |
1999年 | 49篇 |
1998年 | 50篇 |
1997年 | 60篇 |
1996年 | 46篇 |
1995年 | 54篇 |
1994年 | 49篇 |
1993年 | 31篇 |
1992年 | 33篇 |
1991年 | 25篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 19篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 15篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1965年 | 12篇 |
1962年 | 8篇 |
1957年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有3486条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
491.
David M Lodge Susan Williams Hugh J MacIsaac Keith R Hayes Brian Leung Sarah Reichard Richard N Mack Peter B Moyle Maggie Smith David A Andow James T Carlton Anthony McMichael 《Ecological applications》2006,16(6):2035-2054
The Ecological Society of America has evaluated current U.S. national policies and practices on biological invasions in light of current scientific knowledge. Invasions by harmful nonnative species are increasing in number and area affected; the damages to ecosystems, economic activity, and human welfare are accumulating. Without improved strategies based on recent scientific advances and increased investments to counter invasions, harm from invasive species is likely to accelerate. Federal leadership, with the cooperation of state and local governments, is required to increase the effectiveness of prevention of invasions, detect and respond quickly to new potentially harmful invasions, control and slow the spread of existing invasions, and provide a national center to ensure that these efforts are coordinated and cost effective. Specifically, the Ecological Society of America recommends that the federal government take the following six actions: (1) Use new information and practices to better manage commercial and other pathways to reduce the transport and release of potentially harmful species; (2) Adopt more quantitative procedures for risk analysis and apply them to every species proposed for importation into the country; (3) Use new cost-effective diagnostic technologies to increase active surveillance and sharing of information about invasive species so that responses to new invasions can be more rapid and effective; (4) Create new legal authority and provide emergency funding to support rapid responses to emerging invasions; (5) Provide funding and incentives for cost-effective programs to slow the spread of existing invasive species in order to protect still uninvaded ecosystems, social and industrial infrastructure, and human welfare; and (6) Establish a National Center for Invasive Species Management (under the existing National Invasive Species Council) to coordinate and lead improvements in federal, state, and international policies on invasive species. Recent scientific and technical advances provide a sound basis for more cost-effective national responses to invasive species. Greater investments in improved technology and management practices would be more than repaid by reduced damages from current and future invasive species. The Ecological Society of America is committed to assist all levels of government and provide scientific advice to improve all aspects of invasive-species management. 相似文献
492.
Georg H. M. Krause Thomas Delschen Peter Fürst Diana Hein 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1993,5(4):194-203
Soil samples were taken from residential gardens, grasslands and forests at 22 locations in Marsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, and analyzed for PCDD/F. Sampling was concentrated on the vicinity of a former copper smelter where copper waste material (calledKieselrot) was deposited and emissions from former stacks contaminated a large land area. Maximum PCDD/F-concentrations were 407 ng TE GBA/kg dm in garden soil (0–30 cm depth), 98 ng TE BGA/kg dm in agricultural grassland (0–10 cm depth), 227 ng TE BGA/kg dm in wasteland, and up to 8073 ng TE BGA/kg dm in forest soils. PCDD/F-levels in soil decreased with increasing distance from the former sources providing a large historic emission problem, apart from the still existing kieselrot waste site. Ash residues from former flue gas duct showed up to 2,4 mg TE BGA/kg dm. PCDD/F-concentrations in vegetable samples from highly contaminated garden soils and grass from agricultural grassland were found to be relatively low in relation to soil values. PCDD/F-levels in salad showed a mean of 2,2 ng TE BGA/kg dm while grass concentrations were <6 ng TE BGA/kg dm. Thus, no correlation was found between soil and vegetation values with the exception for carrot roots where obviously a small transfer of PCDD/F between the two media took place. PCDD/F-content in grass taken over the vegetation period showed a tendency to increase toward the end of the growing season, which is probably related to changes in the dry matter yield over the season. No correlation was found in general between soil, grass and milk PCDD/F contents when all samples were taken from the same grassland. PCDD/F-concentrations in milk ranged between 0,6 and 1,1 pg TE BGA/g milkfat and were thus in the same range as consumer milk in the Federal Republic of Germany. PCDD/F in needles from conifers showed a clear relationship with respect to distance from the former waste site. The relatively high levels in conifer needles [36 ng TE BGA/kg dm] were obviously due to sporting activities (i.e. motocross racing where contaminated material was resuspended and deposited on surrounding trees). 相似文献
493.
Up to now, sediment studies have mainly used standardized aquatic bioassays with organisms of the three trophic levels. Among these, algae are the only representatives of the entire plant kingdom. Bioassays with higher plants have hardly been used for the assessment of sediments. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate that the use of higher plants in biotests for analyses of anthropogenically contaminated sediments yields valuable results, which may be included in a concept for the integrated assessment of waters. The contamination by environmental chemicals was determined in the River Elbe by means of samples taken at the Fahlberg-List industrial site at Magdeburg in combination with studies in a reference area on the Müritz-Elde Waterway (Eldenburger Kanal). Sediment extracts and pore waters were tested with the aquatic lemna test. For comparison, first sediment contact tests withLemna minor were tried out. The whole extract of the sediment from Fahlberg-List Magdeburg and one fraction F5 caused distinct damages of the plants. Obviously, the phytotoxic substances of the whole extract are preferentially concentrated in the highly polar fraction F5. A comparison with chemical analytical data proved that the whole fraction F0 and the fraction F5 were heavily contaminated with chemicals. Assays with pore water from this sediment and with the whole sediment also caused a strong inhibition of growth. These results confirm the high contamination of the sediment from Magdeburg. The tests with the reference sediment suggested only a moderate toxic contamination. The results of this study prove that the selected aquatic plant,Lemna minor, is basically able to indicate contamination. In the aquatic test of the sediment extracts, it showed weak, but very selective, responses to certain classes of contaminants. Fractionating of the sample and subsequent chemical analysis combined with toxicity tests allow to narrow down the groups of substances causing toxic effects. This toxicity was confirmed by analyses of the pore waters and whole sediment samples. Together with other toxicity tests (e.g. standardized bioassays) and combined with biological benthos examinations, an overall judgment can be given for the integrated assessment of waters. 相似文献
494.
Joyeeta Gupta Richard Howarth Peter Sand Oran Young 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2004,26(4):435
Announcement
International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics (INEA) 相似文献495.
Vestergaard Peter 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(1):103-112
According to estimates from the Danish Meteorological Institute global warming until 2080 may cause a relative sea-level rise in Danish waters of 33–46 cm. In the present paper the possible impact of a sea-level rise of this magnitude on coastal habitat types is discussed for three case studies, based on previous investigations of vegetation, topography and soil of localities at the Baltic coast of Denmark. The case studies include the following types of localities and habitats: (1) an off-shore barrier complex: sandy beach, sand dune, geolittoral, brackish, low-tidal meadow, reed bed; (2) a protected bay: geolittoral, brackish meadow, coastal grassland; (3) a dune area: mobile and fixed dune communities, and adjoining sea wall: coastal grassland. In the geolittoral meadow and coastal grassland habitats the sea-level rise is expected to cause a horizontal displacement of vegetation zones and a reduction in area, depending on accretion rate (sedimentation, peat formation), local topography and inland land-use. In the beach and sand dune habitats the sea-level rise is expected to cause a change in groundwater level, influencing slack vegetation, and a change in the erosion/accretion pattern, resulting in landward rebuilding of the mobile dune as well as in a more or less diffuse inland sand drift, causing destabilization of fixed dune vegetation. 相似文献
496.
A study of the genetic relationships within and among wolf packs using DNA fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Niles Lehman Peter Clarkson L. David Mech Thomas J. Meier Robert K. Wayne 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1992,30(2):83-94
Summary DNA fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analyses have not been used in combination to study relatedness in natural populations. We present an approach that involves defining the mean fingerprint similarities among individuals thought to be unrelated because they have different mtDNA genotypes. Two classes of related individuals are identified by their distance in standard errors above this mean value. The number of standard errors is determined by analysis of the association between fingerprint similarity and relatedness in a population with a known genealogy. We apply this approach to gray wolf packs from Minnesota, Alaska, and the Northwest Territories. Our results show that: (1) wolf packs consist primarily of individuals that are closely related genetically, but some packs contain unrelated, non-reproducing individuals; (2) dispersal among packs within the same area is common; and (3) short-range dispersal appears more common for female than male wolves. The first two of these genetically-based observations are consistent with behavioral data on pack structure and dispersal in wolves, while the apparent sex bias in dispersal was not expected.USA Offprint requests to: N. Lehman at the present address 相似文献
497.
Summary It has long been asserted that habitat acoustics can determine the frequency band bestadapted for long-range communication, but the generality and validity of measurements claiming to demonstrate a window of best frequencies have recently been questioned. We report the discovery of a prominent sound window in Kenyan rain forest in a study that is free of methodological difficulties. Our results allow us to calculate the range advantage attained by an animal vocalizing within the sound window, and show that sound windows can be a potent factor for the evolution of primate communication. 相似文献
498.
Tue?Marker Peter?Andreassen Elena?Arashkewich Benni?W.?HansenEmail author 《Marine Biology》2003,143(2):283-296
Two cohorts of Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus), with habitats in Bergen (60°N) and Tromsø (69°N), were reared from copepodite stage III (CIII) in mesocosms in Tromsø from April 24 1998 to June 30 1998. The aim was to study whether the two cohorts diverged phenotypically with respect to indication of physiological preparation for diapause as opposed to initiating another generation. At the end of the experiment the fractions of the cohorts that had reached sexual maturation, based on observed stage shifts to adults, was ~45% within the Bergen cohort and ~35% for the Tromsø cohort, within which males appeared before females. Examination of the mandibular gnathobase of copepodites at stage V (CV) revealed that <10% of the Bergen cohort, but >40% of the Tromsø cohort were ready for ecdysis, eventually to become adults in the same year. The physiological expression of the range in individual maturity within the cohorts was revealed in individual carbon and nitrogen content. Both cohorts incorporated the storage lipids wax esters (WE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) rapidly, primarily during CV (0.16–0.21 µg total neutral lipid ind -1 day -1), with no significant difference. Lipid storage was incorporated from CIII and the maximum was reached at the CV stage. Presumably due to excess food, high WE, TAG and free fatty acid levels were observed in both cohorts. A relative decrease in neutral lipids was observed later in females from both cohorts. We suggest that part of the Bergen population, but also a fraction of the Tromsø population, prepared for diapause in CV. A possible reason for the sexual maturation among the rest of the CV copepodites could be a shift in life "strategy" caused by an unusually high rise in temperature in the mesocosms during the last 10 days of the experiment. 相似文献
499.
500.
Extra-pair paternity and the opportunity for sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird (Dendroica petechia) 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Stephen M. Yezerinac Patrick J. Weatherhead Peter T. Boag 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1995,37(3):179-188
We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting to characterise the genetic mating system of the socially monogamous yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). Over 2 years there were no instances of brood parasitism, but 59% of families (n = 90) contained extrapair sired young and 37% of offspring (n = 355) were of extra-pair paternity. Most hypotheses for extra-pair mating in monogamous species assume a paternity benefit to extra-pair sires, and focus on the benefit(s) to females. However, the assumption of male benefit has been little tested. Among yellow warblers, known extra-pair sires were just as likely to be cuckolded as any male in the population, and there was at least one reciprocal exchange of extra-pair paternity. Nevertheless, among known extra-pair sires, the paternity gains from extra-pair paternity were, on average, greater than the losses in their own families. These results show there is a paternity benefit to certain males. However, the benefit is not absolute but relative and therefore more difficult to measure. The results also suggest that patterns of extra-pair fertilisation are not determined by female choice alone. Most confirmed extra-pair mates were territorial neighbours, but some resided as far as three territories apart, and greater spatial separation was implied in other cases. Thus, the opportunity for extra-pair mating is great. We estimate that as a result of extra-pair fertilisations, variance in male mating success is increased somewhere between 3-fold and 15-fold over that which would result from within-pair reproduction alone. These findings affirm the potential importance of extra-pair reproduction for sexual selection in monogamous species and they support earlier suggestions that extra-territorial forays by male yellow warblers are for the purpose of extra-pair mating. 相似文献