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121.
Schröder P Scheer CE Diekmann F Stampfl A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(2):114-122
Background, Aim and Scope
Numerous herbicides and xenobiotic organic pollutants are detoxified in plants to glutathione conjugates. Following this enzyme
catalyzed reaction, xenobiotic GS-conjugates are thought to be compartmentalized in the vacuole of plant cells. In the present
study, evidence is presented for long range transport of these conjugates in plants, rather than storage in the vacuole. To
our knowledge this is the first report about the unidirectional long range transport of xenobiotic conjugates in plants and
the exudation of a glutathione conjugate from the root tips. This could mean that plants possess an excretion system for unwanted
compounds which give them similar advantages as animals.
Materials and Methods:
Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Cherie) were grown in Petri dishes soaked with tap water in the greenhouse.
- Fluorescence Microscopy. Monobromo- and Monochlorobimane, two model xenobiotics that are conjugated rapidly in plant cells
with glutathione, hereby forming fluorescent metabolites, were used as markers for our experiments. Their transport in the
root could be followed sensitively with very good temporal and spatial resolution. Roots of barley seedlings were cut under
water and the end at which xenobiotics were applied was fixed in an aperture with a thin latex foil and transferred into a
drop of water on a cover slide. The cover slide was fixed in a measuring chamber on the stage of an inverse fluorescence microscope
(Zeiss Axiovert 100).
- Spectrometric enzyme assay. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was determined in the protein extracts following established
methods. Aliquots of the enzyme extract were incubated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), or monochlorobimane. Controls
lacking enzyme or GSH were measured.
- Pitman chamber experiments. Ten days old barley plants or detached roots were inserted into special incubation chambers, either
complete with tips or decapitated, as well as 10 days old barley plants without root tips. Compartment A was filled with a
transport medium and GSH conjugate or L-cysteine conjugate. Compartments B and C contained sugar free media. Samples were
taken from the root tip containing compartment C and the amount of conjugate transported was determined spectro-photometrically.
Results:
The transport in roots is unidirectional towards the root tips and leads to exsudation of the conjugates at rates between
20 and 200 nmol min-1. The microscopic studies have been complemented by transport studies in small root chambers and spectroscopic
quantification of dinitrobenzene-conjugates. The latter experiments confirm the microscopic studies. Furthermore it was shown
that glutathione conjugates are transported at higher rates than cysteine conjugates, despite of their higher molecular weights.
This observation points to the existence of glutathione specific carriers and a specific role of glutathione in the root.
Discussion:
It can be assumed that long distance transport of glutathione conjugates within the plant proceeds like GSH or amino acid
transport in both, phloem and xylem. The high velocity of this translocation of the GS-X is indicative of an active transport.
For free glutathione, a rapid transport-system is essential because an accumulation of GSH in the root tip inhibits further
uptake of sulfur. Taking into account that all described MRP transporters and also the GSH plasmalemma ATPases have side activities
for glutathione derivatives and conjugates, co-transport of these xenobiotic metabolites seems credible.
- On the other hand, when GS-B was applied to the root tips from the outside, no significant uptake was observed. Thus it can
be concluded that only those conjugates can be transported in the xylem which are formed inside the root apex. Having left
the root once, there seems to be no return into the root vessels, probably because of a lack of inward directed transporters.
Conclusions:
Plants seem to possess the capability to store glutathione conjugates in the vacuole, but under certain conditions, these
metabolites might also undergo long range transport, predominantly into the plant root. The transport seems dependent on specific
carriers and is unidirectional, this means that xenobiotic conjugates from the rhizosphere are not taken up again. The exudation
of xenobiotic metabolites offers an opportunity to avoid the accumulation of such compounds in the plant.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
The role of glutathione and glutathione related metabolites in the rhizosphere has not been studied in any detail, and only
scattered data are available on interactions between the plant root and rhizosphere bacteria that encounter such conjugates.
The final fate of these compounds in the root zone has also not been addressed so far. It will be interesting to study effects
of the exuded metabolites on the biology of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. 相似文献
122.
Although Cu is phytotoxic at Cu(2+) activities as low as 1-2 microM, the effect of Cu(2+) on the nodulation of legumes has received little attention. The effect of Cu(2+) on nodulation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona) was examined in a dilute solution culture system utilising a cation exchange resin to buffer solution Cu(2+). The nodulation process was more sensitive to increasing Cu(2+) activities than both shoot and root growth; whilst a Cu(2+) activity of 1.0 microM corresponded to a 10% reduction in the relative yield of the shoots and roots, a Cu(2+) activity of 0.2 microM corresponded to a 10% reduction in nodulation. This reduction in nodulation with increasing Cu(2+) activity was associated with an inhibition of root hair formation in treatments containing > or =0.77 microM Cu(2+), rather than to a reduction in the size of the Rhizobium population. 相似文献
123.
Maternal investment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): reproductive costs and consequences of raising sons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maternal investment in offspring is expected to vary according to offspring sex when the reproductive success of the progeny
is a function of differential levels of parental expenditure. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of rhesus macaques
to determine whether variation in male progeny production, measured with both DNA fingerprinting and short tandem repeat marker
typing, could be traced back to patterns of maternal investment. Males weigh significantly more than females at birth, despite
an absence of sex differences in gestation length. Size dimorphism increases during infancy, with maternal rank associated
with son’s, but not daughter’s, weight at the end of the period of maternal investment. Son’s, but not daughter’s, weight
at 1 year of age is significantly correlated with adult weight, and male, but not female, weight accounts for a portion of
the variance in reproductive success. Variance in annual offspring output was three- to fourfold higher in males than in females.
We suggest that energetic costs of rearing sons could be buffered by fetal delivery of testosterone to the mother, which is
aromatized to estrogen and fosters fat accumulation during gestation. We conclude that maternal investment is only slightly
greater in sons than in daughters, with mothers endowing sons with extra resources because son, but not daughter, mass has
ramifications for offspring sirehood. However, male reproductive tactics supersede maternal investment patterns as fundamental
regulators of male fitness.
Received: 23 July 1999 / Received in revised form: 23 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000 相似文献
124.
125.
Male willow warblers have song repertoires which vary in complexity along several dimensions. We examined whether female choice,
as measured by date of pairing, was based on these song characteristics in 4 different years. Pairing date was negatively
correlated with song repertoire size in 1 year, and with song versatility in another year, but there was no consistent effect
of any song characteristic on pairing throughout the years or in the pooled sample. The variable that best explained how soon
a male pairs is male arrival date (only males that had settled territories before the first female arrived were considered
in the analysis). This correlation is consistently significant in all years. This is most parsimoniously interpreted as females
choosing some habitat characteristic in the same way that males do. A small percentage of males (8.3%) attracted and paired
with a second female. The likelihood of becoming polygynous was not explained by any measured song characteristic, but it
was related to arrival date: early males were more likely to pair with two females. Males with large repertoires fledged more
young in their primary nests, and there was a trend for the offspring of these males to have a greater probability of being
recruited into the population. In conclusion, the results show that in most years there is no sexual selection by female preference
on song characteristics, although the data on reproductive success is consistent with the idea of repertoire size being an
indicator of male quality.
Received: 4 June 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 December 1999 / Accepted: 31 December 1999 相似文献
126.
Coral Bleaching and Global Climate Change: Scientific Findings and Policy Recommendations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract: In 1998, tropical sea surface temperatures were the highest on record, topping off a 50-year trend for some tropical oceans. In the same year, coral reefs around the world suffered the most extensive and severe bleaching ( loss of symbiotic algae) and subsequent mortality on record. These events may not be attributable to local stressors or natural variability alone but were likely induced by an underlying global phenomenon. It is probable that anthropogenic global warming has contributed to the extensive coral bleaching that has occurred simultaneously throughout the reef regions of the world. The geographic extent, increasing frequency, and regional severity of mass bleaching events are an apparent result of a steadily rising baseline of marine temperatures, combined with regionally specific El Niño and La Niña events. The repercussions of the 1998 mass bleaching and mortality events will be far-reaching. Human populations dependent on reef services face losses of marine biodiversity, fisheries, and shoreline protection. Coral bleaching events may become more frequent and severe as the climate continues to warm, exposing coral reefs to an increasingly hostile environment. This global threat to corals compounds the effects of more localized anthropogenic factors that already place reefs at risk. Significant attention needs to be given to the monitoring of coral reef ecosystems, research on the projected and realized effects of global climate change, and measures to curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Even those reefs with well-enforced legal protection as marine sanctuaries, or those managed for sustainable use, are threatened by global climate change. 相似文献
127.
Utility of North Atlantic Right Whale Museum Specimens for Assessing Changes in Genetic Diversity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Howard C. Rosenbaum †§§ Mary G. Egan Phillip J. Clapham ‡ Robert L. Brownell JR. § Sobia Malik Moira W. Brown ††‡‡ Bradley N. White Peter Walsh † and Rob Desalle 《Conservation biology》2000,14(6):1837-1842
Abstract: We examined six historical specimens of the endangered North Atlantic right whale ( Eubalaena glacialis ) using DNA isolated from documented baleen plates from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Sequences from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from these samples were compared with those from a near-exhaustive survey (269 of approximately 320 individuals) of the remaining right whales in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Our results suggest that there has been only relatively modest change in maternal lineage diversity over the past century in the North Atlantic right whale population. Any significant reduction in genetic variation in the species most likely occurred prior to the late nineteenth century. One historical specimen was from the last documented female capable of propagating one of the maternal lineages in the population today; no females in the existing population have been found to carry this mtDNA haplotype. Analysis of the only specimens from the eastern North Atlantic right whale population ever to be examined revealed that eastern and western North Atlantic right whales may not have been genetically differentiated populations. Loss of gene diversity experienced by North Atlantic right whales over the last century has been modest, and the six decades of protection have been successful in maintaining much of the maternal lineage diversity that was present in the late nineteenth century. 相似文献
128.
Different mechanisms downstream from high temperature processes lead to the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo(p) dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Independent from any concentrations, these mechanisms cause comparable PCDD/F patterns, the percentage proportion of single congeners or homologous groups related to the total of 17 2,3,7,8-Cl-substituted congeners or with respect to the sum of the homologous groups tetra to octa CDD/F. The characteristics of these so-called “combustion profiles” can help to interpret corresponding data from burning and melting facilities, such as municipal waste incinerators, coal power plants, sintering plants, metal finishing facilities, cement kilns, crematoria, hazardous waste incinerators and landfill gas burners 相似文献
129.
Peter H. Roos Walter D. Weißenfels Manfred van Afferden Frank Pfeifer Walter G. Hanstein 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2000,12(1):13-19
The goal of the present work is to assess the adverse effects of soil bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which remain in soils after biological remediation. We focus on risk assessment for mammalian species with respect to the oral uptake of contaminated soil particles and compare the results of a biomarker test with those of an ecotoxicological assay, the bioluminescence inhibition test withVibrio fischeri. As a biomarker effect in mammals, we determined the liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A1 which is induced by PAH in exposed rats. After biological soil treatment, different amounts of PAH remain in the soil depending on the soil properties and initial pollutant composition. Particularly, higher condensated PAH resists biological treatment due to its hydrophobicity. In addition, high amounts of organic carbon in the soils affect remediation efficiency. In the bioluminescence inhibition test, eluates of all biologically treated soils studied do not reveal any or only low inhibitory effects. In contrast, the oral uptake of biologically treated contaminated soils leads to induction levels for CYP1A1 similar to those in the untreated samples. A good correlation is obtained between CYP1A1 levels and the amount of 5 and 6-ring PAH in the soil samples. The main result is that the remediation efficiency determined by the luminescence test is not reflected by the biomarker test, a finding which indicates the high bioavailability of residual PAH in soils. Consequently, new criteria for human risk assessment can be delineated. 相似文献
130.