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41.
Johannes Schnöller Philipp Aschenbrenner Manuel Hahn Johann Fellner Helmut Rechberger 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2171-2175
The biogenic fraction of a simple solid recovered fuel (SRF) mixture (80 wt% printer paper/20 wt% high density polyethylene) is analyzed with the in-house developed adapted balance method (aBM). This fairly new approach is a combination of combustion elemental analysis (CHNS) and a data reconciliation algorithm based on successive linearisation for evaluation of the analysis results. This method shows a great potential as an alternative way to determine the biomass content in SRF. However, the employed analytical technique (CHNS elemental analysis) restricts the probed sample mass to low amounts in the range of a few hundred milligrams. This requires sample comminution to small grain sizes (<200 μm) to generate representative SRF specimen. This is not easily accomplished for certain material mixtures (e.g. SRF with rubber content) by conventional means of sample size reduction.This paper presents a proof of principle investigation of the sample preparation and analysis of an SRF model mixture with the use of cryogenic impact milling (final sample comminution) and the adapted balance method (determination of biomass content). The so derived sample preparation methodology (cutting mills and cryogenic impact milling) shows a better performance in accuracy and precision for the determination of the biomass content than one solely based on cutting mills. The results for the determination of the biogenic fraction are within 1–5% of the data obtained by the reference methods, selective dissolution method (SDM) and 14C-method (14C-M). 相似文献
42.
Anaerobic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mononuclear aromatic compounds are degraded anaerobically through three main pathways, the benzoyl-CoA pathway, the resorcinol pathway, and the phloroglucinol pathway. Various modification reactions channel a broad variety of mononuclear aromatics including aromatic hydrocarbons into either one of these three pathways. Recently, a further pathway was discovered with hydroxyhydroquinone as central intermediate through which especially nitrate-reducing bacteria degrade phenolic compounds and some hydroxylated benzoates. Comparison of the various strategies taken for the degradation of aromatics in the absence of oxygen demonstrates that the biochemistry of breakdown of these compounds is determined largely by the overall reaction energetics and, more precisely, by the redox potentials of the electron acceptor systems used. Nitrate reducers differ in their strategies significantly from those used by sulfate-reducing or fermenting bacteria. 相似文献
43.
Philipp Egeler Michael Meller J?rg M?mbke und Peter Sp?rlein 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2001,13(5):284-290
Zusammenfassung POPs (persistente organische Schadstoffe), die an aquatischen Sedimenten binden, k?nnen zurück in Nahrungsnetze gelangen und
so zu einem Risiko für aquatische Organismen werden. Dabei kann die Bioakkumulation solcher Substanzen in endobenthischen,
sedimentfressenden Invertebraten (z.B. aquatische Oligochaeten) eine gro?e Rolle spielen. Diese Würmer dienen vielen benthivoren
Fischen als Nahrung. Letztere nehmen über diesen Weg sedimentgebundene Chemikalien auf und k?nnen hierbei deutlich h?here
K?rperkonzentrationen (body residues) erreichen als durch die Anreicherung aus der Wasserphase. Die angereicherten Rückst?nde
k?nnen im weiteren Verlauf der Nahrungskette an Glieder h?herer trophischer Ebenen weitergegeben werden.
Zur standardisierten Bestimmung der Bioakkumulation und — magnifikation wurde eine einfache, zwei trophische Stufen umfassende
Labornahrungskette etabliert. Diese bestand aus dem endobenthischen Oligochaeten Tubifex tubifex und dem Dreistachligen Stichling (Gasterosteus aculeatus) als Pr?dator. Die Experimente wurden mit 14C-markiertem Hexachlorbenzol in dotiertem künstlichem Sediment und rekonstituiertem Wasser durchgeführt. Um den Einfluss benthischer
Beuteorganismen zu quantifizieren, wurden die Fische gegenüber dotiertem Wasser bzw. Sediment (Biokonzentration), vorexponierten
Würmern (Biomagnifikation) und Kombinationen dieser Aufnahmepfade exponiert.
HCB wurde entlang der Labornahrungskette deutlich angereichert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Exposition gegenüber der
Kombination s?mtlicher Aufnahmepfade zu deutlich h?herer Anreicherung in den Fischen führte als im Falle einzelner Expositionspfade.
Der Vergleich der Einzelergebnisse lie? den Schluss zu, dass neben dem freien Wasserk?rper die kontaminierte Nahrung der Hauptaufnahmeweg
für den Fisch war. Bei der Bewertung von POPs wie HCB hinsichtlich Biomagnifikation und ‘secondary poisoning’ sollten daher
Nahrung und Sediment als Expositionspfade unter Verwendung von Nahrungsketten-modellen und/oder Labortests st?rker berücksichtigt
werden.
Reter Spr?rlein war bis Januar 2000 als Ingenieur für Umweltverfahrenstechnik bei der ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH besch?ftigt und für die HPLC-analytische
Aufarbeitung der experimentellen Proben verantwortlich. 相似文献
44.
We characterized 32 cold-adapted, psychrophilic and cold-tolerant, yeast strains isolated from alpine habitats with regard to their taxonomy, growth temperature profile, and ability to degrade phenol and 18 phenol-related mono-aromatic compounds at 10 degrees C. Twenty of the strains were identified by sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region as seven species of the basidiomycota: Cryptococcus terreus (three strains), Cryptococcus terricola (one strain), Rhodosporidium lusitaniae (two strains), Rhodotorula creatinivora (10 strains), Rhodotorula ingeniosa (one strain), Mastigobasidium intermedium (one strain), and Sporobolomyces roseus (two strains). Twelve strains sharing closely related ITS sequences could not be identified to the species level; according to their ITS sequence they are included in the Microbotryomycetidae. These 12 strains were psychrophilic (no growth at temperatures above 20 degrees C); one-third of these strains did not grow above 15 degrees C. None of the 32 strains utilized any of the highly volatile mono-aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, nitrobenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene) as the sole carbon source. Non/low volatile aromatic compounds were degraded in the following order: phenol>hydroquinone>resorcinol>benzoate>catechol>salicylate>p-cresol>m-cresol. o-Cresol, guaiacol, p-nitrophenol, or p-nitrotoluene were not utilized for growth. R. creatinivora strains degraded up to seven compounds, whereas C. terricola and S. roseus strains degraded only two compounds. The toxicity of the compounds was determined via growth inhibition in the presence of toxicants and nutrients at 10 degrees C. R. creatinivora strains were characterized by higher IC50 values than other species, S. roseus was the most sensitive species. The most toxic compounds were the xylene isomers, ethylbenzene, p-nitrophenol, and m-cresol. There was a relation between the chemical structure of the compounds and their toxicity, whereas a relation between the toxicity of the compounds and the ability of the yeasts strains to utilize these compounds for growth was only detected in some cases. 相似文献
45.
46.
47.
Rainer Abendt Werner Balzer Jamshid Hosseinpour Peter Pluschke 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1993,5(5):246-251
In Nuremberg (Germany), each year about 25,000 tons (dry matter) of sewage sludge are obtained as by-product of waste water treatment. The digested sludge consists of 96% water. Until 1992 it was thermally stabilized using the Porteous procedure: the sludge was heated in an autoclave up to a temperature of 180–200 °C at a pressure of 28 bar. After pressure reduction and moving to a thickener, a substantial part of the liquid could be removed. After running through a chamber filter, the sludge contained only about 50% dry matter. This treatment does not only remove water; organic matter is also degraded or evaporated. Between November 1991 and May 1992, the sludge was analyzed four times before and after the drying process and examined for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and PCDD/F. The concentration of heavy metals and PCB (related to dry matter) increased by a faktor of 1.3 after the drying process. This effect may be explained by the decrease of organic matter during drying. In the case of PCDD/F, the ITQ increased by a factor of 3.2, for some congeners even by a factor of 8. The only explanation can be that during thermal conditioning PCDD/F is formed by precursors as chlorophenols. This formation is probably catalyzed by metals as copper or nickel and sped up by the higher temperatures. 相似文献
48.
Effects of incremental increases in silt load on the cardiovascular performance of riverine and lacustrine rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bunt CM Cooke SJ Schreer JF Philipp DP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,128(3):437-444
Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) are a widespread centrarchid species with both riverine and lacustrine populations. After precipitation events, rivers often carry elevated silt loads, where as lakes generally remain free from suspended silt and sediment. To examine the physiological effects of silt on rock bass, we conducted a series of experiments using fish from Lake Opinicon and the Grand River in Ontario. Ultrasonic Doppler flow probes were surgically affixed around the ventral aorta to monitor cardiovascular performance. After recovery from surgery replicated treatment groups were exposed to incremental increases in silt load (made from bentonite slurry), while cardiac output and its two components, heart rate and stroke volume, were measured simultaneously. Although both groups of rock bass responded significantly to low concentrations of silt (10 NTU), the response by riverine rock bass was rapidly extinguished by acclimation or physiological adjustment. Compensatory mechanisms to minimize cardiac (and respiratory) disruption attributable to increases in suspended silt appear to be inherent in rock bass of riverine origin. These fish appear to fully compensate for interference in gas exchange at the gill surfaces 60 min after initial exposure. In contrast, individual lacustrine rock bass were highly variable in their response to elevated silt concentrations. Changes in stroke volume and cardiac output suggested no clear compensatory mechanism or strategy to cope with increased silt levels. 相似文献
49.
50.
Helge Lorenz Peter Fischer Britt Schumacher Philipp Adler 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(11):2434-2448
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste generated by households, businesses, agriculture, and industry is an important approach as method of waste treatment – especially with regard to its potential as an alternative energy source and its cost-effectiveness. Separate collection of biowaste from households or vegetal waste from public green spaces is already established in some EU-27 countries. The material recovery in composting plants is common for biowaste and vegetal waste. Brewery waste fractions generated by beer production are often used for animal feeding after a suitable preparation. Waste streams from paper industry generated by pulp and paper production such as black liquor or paper sludge are often highly contaminated with toxic substances. Recovery of chemicals and the use in thermal processes like incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification are typical utilization paths. The current utilization of organic waste from households and institutions (without agricultural waste) was investigated for EU-27 countries with Germany as an in-depth example. Besides of biowaste little is known about the suitability of waste streams from brewery and paper industry for anaerobic digestion. Therefore, an evaluation of the most important biogas process parameters for different substrates was carried out, in order to calculate the biogas utilization potential of these waste quantities. Furthermore, a calculation of biogas energy potentials was carried out for defined waste fractions which are most suitable for anaerobic digestion. Up to 1% of the primary energy demand can be covered by the calculated total biogas energy potential. By using a “best-practice-scenario” for separately collected biowaste, the coverage of primary energy demand may be increased above 2% for several countries. By using sector-specific waste streams, for example the German paper industry could cover up to 4.7% and the German brewery industry up to 71.2% of its total energy demand. 相似文献