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331.
Operator-splitting procedures for reactive transport and comparison of mass balance errors 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Operator-splitting (OS) techniques are very attractive for numerical modelling of reactive transport, but they induce some errors. Considering reactive mass transport with reversible and irreversible reactions governed by a first-order rate law, we develop analytical solutions of the mass balance for the following operator-splitting schemes: standard sequential non-iterative (SNI), Strang-splitting SNI, standard sequential iterative (SI), extrapolating SI, and symmetric SI approaches. From these analytical solutions, the operator-splitting methods are compared with respect to mass balance errors and convergence rates independently of the techniques used for solving each operator. Dimensionless times, NOS, are defined. They control mass balance errors and convergence rates. The following order in terms of decreasing efficiency is proposed: symmetric SI, Strang-splitting SNI, standard SNI, extrapolating SI and standard SI schemes. The symmetric SI scheme does not induce any operator-splitting errors, the Strang-splitting SNI appears to be O(N2OS) accurate, and the other schemes are first-order accurate. 相似文献
332.
333.
2006年碳市场发展状况与趋势分析(第1~3季度) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Karan Capoor Philippe Ambrosi 《世界环境》2006,(6):52-60
执行总结
碳市场总价值在2006年前三季度增长到215亿美元。比上年上涨一倍有余(见表格一)。全球碳市场主要以欧盟排放交易体系(EUETS)为主,且成功摆脱了由于2006年5月核证减排量数据公布而引起的交易价格下滑、市场疲软的局面。同时,基于项目的市场总值也在今年的前九个月增至24亿1000万美元。 相似文献
334.
Laurence Faivre Thierry Rousseau Nicole Laurent Philippe Gosset Damien Sanlaville Christel Thauvin-Robinet Véronica Cusin Stéphanie Lionnais Patrick Callier Philippe Khau Van Kien Frédéric Huet Catherine Turleau Paul Sagot Francine Mugneret 《黑龙江环境通报》2004,24(5):393-395
Overgrowth is rarely associated with chromosomal imbalances. Here, we report on a male foetus presenting with overgrowth and additional material on the short arm of one of the chromosome 15 in 12% of lymphocytes and 50% of amniotic cells. Parents' karyotypes were normal, indicating a de novo origin for this unbalanced rearrangement. Complementary studies using cytogenetic and FISH studies showed that this additional material resulted in a 15q25-qter trisomy and confirmed the presence of three copies of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) gene, included in the trisomic region. Autopsy performed after termination of pregnancy revealed isolated overgrowth and absence of visceral malformations. The possible mechanisms and origins for the formation of this mosaic pure trisomy are complex. The present observation emphasises the hypothesis that the overgrowth phenotype, frequently reported in patients with trisomy including the 15q26 region, might be causally related to a dosage effect of the IGF1R gene, as well as the importance of chromosome analysis in patients with overgrowth. It also confirms that the overgrowth is of prenatal onset in those observations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
335.
Sumate Kunsa-Ngiem Pongsak Lowmunkhong Mourad Harir Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin Somyote Sutthivaiyakit 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(11):738-745
AbstractA magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) for chloramphenicol was prepared using a surface-imprinted and microwave-heating-induced polymerization method. The surfaces of the magnetic particles were first double-bond functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (γ-MPS), followed by the copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) in the presence of chloramphenicol as a template and 1,1-azobis(cyclohexane-carbonitrile) (ABCN) as an initiator in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and water with microwave heating at 80°C. The magnetic polymer possesses supraparamagnetic properties and was used to concentrate and cleanup chicken feed extract, followed by chromatographic separation using a Lichrospher®100 RP C8 column and detection with two multi-reaction monitoring transitions at m/z 321→ 152 and m/z 321→ 257. The mean recoveries obtained at two spiking levels were in the range of 94.6–100% The relative intra- and inter-day standard deviations were in the range of 1.4–2.6% and 5.1–5.7%, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 0.12 µg kg?1. This confirmatory method was successfully applied to determine chloramphenicol in chicken feed samples. 相似文献
336.
337.
Isabelle Boulogne Philippe Petit Harry Ozier-Lafontaine Lucienne Desfontaines Gladys Loranger-Merciris 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(4):325-347
Leaf-cutting ants of the Attini tribe are a major pest of agricultural and forestry productions in the New World. Economic losses caused by these ants were estimated at several million dollars per year. These ants need to live in symbiosis with a basidiomycete fungus. Due to their mutualistic interaction with the symbiotic fungus, management of Attini ants can be done with insecticides or fungicides or both. So far, synthetic pesticides were the main control means, albeit with negative effects on the environment. Very few studies describe alternative methods for the control of leaf-cutting ants such as the use of insecticidal and fungicidal plant extracts. There is therefore a need of knowledge on phytochemicals and plants that could be used as insecticides and fungicides. Here, we review chemicals of plant origin and species with insecticidal and fungicidal activities. We establish a list of plants and phytochemicals that could manage leaf-cutting ants and also other insects, notably insects that use fungus-based agriculture. An exhaustive literature search of 1965 references from 1923 to 2010 was conducted using scientific databases, chemical databases, botanical databases, and books to identify published papers related to insecticidal and fungicidal chemical compounds stemmed from plant species. The major points are the following: (1) 119 and 284 chemicals have been cited in the literature for their insecticidal and fungicidal activities, respectively; (2) 656 and 1,064 plant species have significant insecticidal and fungicidal activities, respectively; (3) 3 main chemical classes were most cited for these activities: alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids; (4) 20 interesting chemicals with the both insecticidal and fungicidal activities were found; and (5) 305 plant species containing these chemicals were cited. To conclude, 20 chemicals: caryophyllene oxide, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, helenalin, linalool, menthone, myristicin, pulegone, thymol, anethole, anisaldehyde, elemicin, isopimpinellin, plumbagin, podophyllotoxin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, anonaine, solamargine, and tomatine; two main plant families, Lamiaceae and Apiaceae; and 17 species of these families were particularly interesting for the management of leaf-cutting ants. 相似文献
338.
Options for water storage and rainwater harvesting to improve health and resilience against climate change in Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eline Boelee Mekonnen Yohannes Jean-Noël Poda Matthew McCartney Philippe Cecchi Solomon Kibret Fitsum Hagos Hammou Laamrani 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(3):509-519
West and East Africa experience high variability of rainfall that is expected to increase with climate change. This results in fluctuations in water availability for food production and other socioeconomic activities. Water harvesting and storage can mitigate the adverse effects of rainfall variability. But past studies have shown that when investments in water storage are not guided by environmental health considerations, the increased availability of open water surface may increase the transmission of water-related diseases. This is demonstrated for schistosomiasis associated with small reservoirs in Burkina Faso, and for malaria in Ethiopia around large dams, small dams, and water harvesting ponds. The concern is that the rush to develop water harvesting and storage for climate change adaptation may increase the risk for already vulnerable people, in some cases more than canceling out the benefits of greater water availability. Taking health issues into account in a participatory approach to planning, design, and management of rainwater harvesting and water storage, as well as considering the full range of water storage options would enable better opportunities for enhancing resilience against climate change in vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
339.
340.
Chantal Gascuel-Odoux Florence Massa Patrick Durand Philippe Merot Olivier Troccaz Jacques Baudry Claudine Thenail 《Environmental management》2009,43(5):921-935
While many scientific studies show the influence of agricultural landscape patterns on water cycle and water quality, only
a few of these have proposed scientifically based and operational methods to improve water management. Territ’eau is a framework
developed to adapt agricultural landscapes to water quality protection, using components such as farmers’ fields, seminatural
areas, and human infrastructures, which can act as sources, sinks, or buffers on water quality. This framework allows us to
delimit active areas contributing to water quality, defined by the following three characteristics: (i) the dominant hydrological
processes and their flow pathways, (ii) the characteristics of each considered pollutant, and (iii) the main landscape features.
These areas are delineated by analyzing the flow connectivity from the stream to the croplands, by assessing the buffer functions
of seminatural areas according to their flow pathways. Hence, this framework allows us to identify functional seminatural
areas in terms of water quality and assess their limits and functions; it helps in proposing different approaches for changing
agricultural landscape, acting on agricultural practices or systems, and/or conserving or rebuilding seminatural areas in
controversial landscapes. Finally, it allows us to objectivize the functions of the landscape components, for adapting these
components to new environmental constraints. 相似文献