Legal standards,ethical standards,and responses to social–sexual conduct at work

When individuals investigate a sexual harassment claim that stems from a dissolved workplace romance, their responses to the claim are likely influenced by their ethical standards and legal standards. We propose a person–situation interactionist decision‐making process through which investigators' ethical standards may override legal standards when responding to social–sexual conduct at work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: V. The influence of growth and cell elution on microbial distribution

This study investigated the interaction between microbial growth and cell elution, and their influence on resultant microbial distribution between the aqueous and solid phases during solute transport in a sandy, low-organic-carbon-content porous medium. Miscible displacement experiments were conducted with salicylate as the model compound, and with different initial conditions (e.g., substrate concentrations and cell densities) to attain various degrees of microbial growth. For each experiment, salicylate and dissolved oxygen concentrations as well as cell densities were monitored in the column effluent. Cell densities were also measured in the porous medium at the beginning and end of each experiment. Total microbial growth was determined in two ways, one based on a cell mass balance for the system and the other based on total amount of salicylate degraded. For conditions yielding a considerable amount of microbial growth, the majority of the biomass was associated with the aqueous phase (68-90%). Conversely, under minimal-growth conditions, most cells (approximately 60-70%) were attached to particle surfaces. Significant cell elution was observed for most conditions, the rate of which increased in the presence of the substrate. The results suggest that the increase in aqueous-phase cells observed for the experiments exhibiting the greatest growth is associated with the production of new cells, and that under appropriate conditions aqueous-phase biomass can contribute significantly to contaminant biodegradation.     

Biomass and nutrient removals from commercial thinning and whole-tree clearcutting of central hardwoods

The objective of this research was to evaluate the impacts of increasing product removal on biomass and nutrient content of a central hardwood forest ecosystem. Commercial thinning, currently the most common harvesting practice in southern New England, was compared with whole-tree clearcutting or maximum aboveground utilization. Using a paired-watershed approach, we studied three adjacent, first-order streams in Connecticut. During the winter of 1981–82, one was whole-tree clearcut, one was commercially thinned, and one was designated as the untreated reference. Before treatment, living and dead biomass and soil on the whole-tree clearcut site contained 578 Mg ha^–1 organic matter, 5 Mg ha^–1 nitrogen, 1 Mg ha^–1 phosphorus, 5 Mg ha^–1 potassium, 4 Mg ha^–1 calcium, and 13 Mg ha^–1 magnesium. An estimated 158 Mg ha^–1 (27% of total organic matter) were removed during the whole-tree harvest. Calcium appeared to be the nutrient most susceptible to depletion with 13% of total site Ca removed in whole-tree clearcut products. In contrast, only 4% (16 Mg ha^–1) of the total organic matter and 2% of the total nutrients were removed from the thinned site. Partial cuts appear to be a reliable management option, in general, for minimizing nutrient depletion and maximizing long-term productivity of central hardwood sites. Additional data are needed to evaluate the long-term impacts of more intensive harvests.     

Evaluation of Contact Columns for Nitrogen Dioxide Absorption

The absorption efficiencies of 6–, 10–, IS–, and 60-turn spiral contact columns for two formulations of Saltzman reagent are evaluated for use in atmospheric nitrogen dioxide analyzers at several air and liquid flow rates. Response times for the several columns as a function of flow rates and absorbing reagent are also given. The recommended column and reagent are indicated. The technique of adjusting instrument parameters for direct readout of NO₂ concentrations is described.     

Do ovarian scars persist with age in all Cetaceans: new insight from the short-beaked common dolphin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Delphinus delphis</Emphasis> Linnaeus<Emphasis Type="Italic">,</Emphasis> 1758)

The determination of reproductive status and the reconstruction of individual reproductive histories are central to many ecological studies. In cetaceans, it has been assumed that ovarian scars accumulate with age and provide a lifetime record of female reproductive history. If ovarian scars persist, the number of scars should increase with age after puberty. To test this, we examined age, reproductive status and ovarian scars from 187 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from the eastern North Atlantic. The number of Corpus Albicans (CA) present in ovaries did not increase with age after age at sexual maturity (ASM), suggesting that ovarian scars are not persistent and that their number at any one time would be a function of rates of ovulation and healing, the latter being defined here as the resorption or disintegration of CA tissue. Since female mammals stop ovulating when pregnant, inferences about healing rates could be made by using pregnant females. Pregnant females had ca. 40% fewer scars than non-pregnant females. This suggests that most CAs would heal quickly, with a half-life of less than 1 year, although larger scars may persist longer. Therefore, counting CAs would have limited potential for reconstructing individual reproductive lifetime histories in the common dolphin. A reassessment of the use of ovarian scars to reconstruct individual life reproductive histories in cetaceans is suggested.     

The mechanism of crustacean salinity tolerance: Cell volume regulation by K+ and glycine effluxes

The regulation of muscle fiber K⁺ and free amino acid (FAA) concentrations during hypoosmotic stress was investigated in the moderately euryhaline crab Cancer irroratus. After 6 h of exposure to 60% ASW, muscle fiber K⁺ concentration declined from 185 mM to 140 mM. Following this, the blood glycine levels began to increase, indicating an FAA efflux from the cells. These data indicate that both muscle fiber K⁺ and FAA contribute to cell volume regulation in C. irroratus. The early release of K⁺ limits the initial rate of cell hydration. The subsequent efflux of glycine accounts for the volume regulation response of the muscle fibers. The cell volume regulatory system of C. irroratus is a coordinated use of both inorganic ions and FAA.     

Dynamics of pheromone production and communication in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Summary. The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), often co-exist in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Intra- and interspecific semiochemical communication occurs in both species and their complete semiochemical repertoire and precise dynamics of pheromone production have not been elucidated. Porapak-Q extracts of captured volatiles from beetles of each species aerated at different attack phases (freshly emerged, pioneer sex alone in the log and both sexes paired in new galleries), followed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectroscopic analyses identified 17 compounds (seven compounds common to both species, six present in D. ponderosae and four present in I. pini) that excited the antennae of either or both species. Seven compounds for D. ponderosae and nine for I. pini had not been assessed for behavioural activity. In field trapping experiments, 2-phenylethanol produced by both species inhibited the response of D. ponderosae to its aggregation pheromones. exo- and endo-Brevicomin produced by D. ponderosae significantly decreased the response of I. pini to its aggregation pheromone ipsdienol. Nonanal, a ubiquitous compound found in the volatiles of lodgepole pine, various nonhosts and in both beetle species deterred the response of I. pini to ipsdienol. The occurrence of cis-verbenol, trans-verbenol and verbenone in emergent I. pini, and verbenone and 2-phenylethanol in emergent D. ponderosae suggests that these compounds may inhibit aggregation and induce dispersal following emergence. Termination of aggregation in D. ponderosae appears to depend on the production of frontalin in combination with changes in the relative ratios of verbenone, exo-brevicomin, trans-verbenol and 2-phenylethanol. In I. pini, the cessation of ipsdienol production by males is probably the main factor in terminating aggregation. Received 16 November 1999; accepted 7 August 2000     

宁夏生态移民社区生活空间融合与重构的影响因素及机理——以宁夏闽宁镇为例

生态移民的空间位移引致了迁入区多因素的相互作用及长期演化,成为多学科深入探究的重要问题之一。以闽宁镇生态移民社区为例,采用主成分分析法和地理探测器分析法,对生态移民社区生活空间融合的影响因素和机理进行了研究,结果发现：（1）生态移民社区生活空间融合与重构受多种因素影响,生活基础设施、经济收入增长、移民社区环境、邻里关系、政府政策、民族生活六个主成分对生态移民社区生活空间融合的影响可以起到解释作用。（2）影响生态移民社区生活空间的因子解释力由强到弱依次排序为：X₁生活基础设施>X₂经济收入增长>X₃邻里关系>X₄政府政策>X₅民族生活>X₆移民社区环境;交互探测结果表明社区各要素因子交互后因子解释力呈双线性增强,即任意两个因子交互作用对于生态移民社区生活空间融合的影响强度都大于单个因子的独自作用强度。（3）各影响因素之间的互动影响,共同促进生态移民社区固有的生活方式、文化习惯、社会交往关系的演化,进而形成了生活空间的融合与重构。