Biodegradation of crosslinked acrylic polymers by a white-rot fungus

Two synthetic superabsorbent crosslinked acrylic polymers were mineralized by the white-rot fungusPhanerochaete chrysosporium. The amount of polymer converted to CO₂ increased as the amount of polymer added to the cultures increased. In the presence of sufficiently large amounts of the superabsorbents, such that all of the culture fluid was absorbed and a gelatinous matrix was formed, the fungus still grew and mineralization was observed. Neither the polymers, nor their degradation products were toxic to the fungus. While the rates of mineralization were low, all of the polymers incubated in the liquid fungal cultures were completely depolymerized to water soluble products within 15–18 days. The depolymerization of the polymers was observed only in nitrogen limited cultures of the fungus which secrete the lignin degradation system, however, the water soluble products of depolymerization were mineralized in both nutrient limited and sufficient cultures of the fungus. The rate of mineralization of the depolymerized metabolites was more than two times greater in nutrient sufficient cultures. Following longer incubation periods, most (> 80 %) of the radioactivity was recovered in the fungal mycelial mat suggesting that carbon of the polymer had been converted to fungal metabolites.     

Natural phillipsite as a matrix for a slow-release formulation of oxamyl

The performance of phillipsite as a matrix for slow-release formulation of oxamyl [N,N-dimethyl-2-methylcarbamoyl-oxymino-2-(methylthio)acetamide] was tested. The adsorption kinetics followed a first-order law, and the adsorption isotherm fitted well in a two-surface Langmuir model, suggesting a double mechanism of interaction between oxamyl and the sorbent. The sorption mechanism, studied by FTIR, provided two fractions of oxamyl. The first one is sorbed on the mineral surface, linked by H-bonding, and the second one is constituted by a multilayer of oxamyl molecules linked by a water bridge between them. The release kinetics of oxamyl from a substratum zeolite-oxamyl also follows a first-order law, with two stages that correspond to both fractions of oxamyl previously detected.     

Marginal bleaching of thalli of Rhizocarpon as evidence for acid rain in the Norra Storfjället, Sweden

Recent lichen surveys in the foreland of The Syterb?cken glacier reveal that the crustose lichens, principally species of Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon, exhibit marginal bleaching, readily distinguishable from normal pigmented forms. The largest elliptical thallus of Rhizocarpon measured 290 mm maximum diameter on a bedrock outcrop beyond the margin of Little Ice Age moraines in the upper Syterb?cken Valley. Many small and large thalli of Rhizocarpon suffered damage to the periphery of individual thalli. We examine here some of the possible hypotheses explaining these occurrences. Among others, these are bedrock lithology, ice crystal blasting, long-term snowbank cover, ultraviolet exposure and acid rain. While at this time none of the possibilities can be ruled out entirely, acid rain would appear to be at least one of the factors involved. Acid rain, which is known to produce a soil pH as low as 3.3 in the field area, appears to provide a high input of H(+) ions that the lichen algal component cannot withstand. However, the lack of similar effects on associated foliose or fruticose forms raises the possibility that perhaps two or more factors specific to the environment of Rhizocarpon are operating.     

A laboratory exposure procedure for screening pulp and paper mill effluents for the potential of causing increased mixed function oxidase activity in fish

To better understand the relationships between pulp manufacturing processes and mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzyme induction in fish, a practical and standardized exposure procedure is required. This study was undertaken to develop a laboratory-based exposure procedure to quantify the relative MFO induction potencies of different types of pulp and paper mill effluents. One major consideration in developing the procedure was to ensure that the protocol was practical so that tests could be performed in a short time, with small volumes of effluents and using simple experimental conditions. A series of concentration-response and time-course experiments were conducted to find the minimum time and effluent concentration which could distinguish the ability of different effluents to cause significant MFO induction in rainbow trout in the laboratory. Experiments were also conducted to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors such as loading density, fish size and feeding regime. This study showed that the exposure of rainbow trout in the laboratory to 10% concentration of secondary-treated effluent for 96 h caused significant increases in hepatic MFO activity. The magnitude of MFO induction was comparable to other field and laboratory observations. While fish size, loading density and feeding regime were found to affect the test results, consistent responses within a laboratory using this protocol are possible, provided that these factors are standardized. Therefore, the short-term exposure approach described in this paper could be a relevant tool for assessing the ability of different types of pulp and paper mill effluents to cause MFO induction in fish.     

NLEAP model simulation of climate and management effects on N leaching for corn grown on sandy soil

The Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model was used to evaluate effects of climate and N fertility on nitrate leaching from a 3-yr field experiment of continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Half of the plots were randomly chosen to be either nonirrigated or irrigated (based upon calculated potential evapotranspiration). Three replications of nitrogen (N) fertility (56, 112 and 224 kg ha⁻¹) were used. Soil was a Hecla sandy loam to loamy sand (Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Soil and climate data were from the upper Midwest U.S.A. database for NLEAP. On-site data were used in the model when available.This study shows that NLEAP is capable of integrating data collected for nonirrigated and irrigated conditions on sandy soil for a wide range of N treatments and predicting the nitrate available for leaching (NAL). Precipitation distribution and amount were different in each year. Calculated NAL provided an excellent indicator of potential nitrate leaching hazard. NLEAP output showed that leaching of residual N on this sandy soil is very sensitive to early-spring precipitation. The NLEAP model provided valuable insights concerning effects of climate and N and irrigation management on N leaching. To obtain optimum yields while minimizing nitrate leaching, this study indicates the need to use soil and plant-tissue testing, post-emergence N-fertilizer application, and modem irrigation-scheduling technology. Also, use of the NLEAP model along with field-plot experiments provide additional important information concerning timing of N-leaching events relative to climate and an additional assessment of the effectiveness of fertilizer-N management decisions.     

多配位基螯合离子交换纤维的研究及其进展

离子交换纤锥作为具有高吸附佐的吸附材料，在金属离子的分离、富集、回收等方面，以及在水净处理净化处理领域得到了迅速的发展及应用，引起了人们的极大兴趣。本文对近十几年来离子交换纤维的合成方法路线、性能研究以及在痕量元素的分离、富集和水处理方面的应用进行了综述，并对目前离子交换纤维的研究中存在的问题提出了一些看法。     

Biomass and production of amphipods in low alkalinity lakes affected by acid precipitation

Population biomass and production of the amphipod Hyalella azteca (Saussure) were found to be related to alkalinity (ranging from 0.2 to 58.1 mg liter(-1)) in 10 Canadian Shield lakes in south-central Ontario. Biomass and production of amphipods in the two lakes characterized by spring depressions of pH below 5.0 were found to be lower than those for populations inhabiting lakes that did not experience such acid pulses. The proportional biomass of amphipods in relation to the total littoral zoobenthos community was lower in lakes of low alkalinity than in circumneutral or hardwater lakes. Because production in these amphipod populations is known to depend closely on population abundance, the labour-intensive derivation of production rates yields relatively little information for biomonitoring that cannot be obtained from abundance data alone.     

Scots pine responses to CO2 enrichment--I. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil fauna

Ectomycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings were grown in unfertilized forest soil at ambient and double (ca 700 ppm) atmospheric concentrations of CO2. The biomass of seedlings and fungal biomass both in the roots and in the soil and the numbers of certain groups of soil animals were measured under summer conditions and after an artificial winter acclimation period. No biomass parameter showed any significant change due to CO2 elevation. Increases were found during the winter acclimation period in total and fine root biomasses, fungal biomass in the soil and total fungal biomass both in the roots and in the soil, while the ratio of needle biomass: fungal biomass and the shoot: root ratio decreased. The N concentration in previous-year needles was lower in the double CO2 environment than with ambient CO2. Enchytraeids almost disappeared in the double CO2 environment during winter acclimation, while the numbers of nematodes increased at the same time in both treatments.     

U- and Th-series radionuclides in snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) taken near U mill tailings close to Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada

Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) trapped near U tailings had higher concentrations of (226)Ra in their bones (250 +/- 94 mBq g(-1) dry wt) than those from local control sites 3-15 km from the tailings (20-30 mBq g(-1) dry wt) and those from a distant control site 880 km away from the U mining area, which were below the detection limit (DL) (3.7 mBq g(-1) dry wt). Most chyme (stomach content) samples contained 226Ra below DL. Concentration ratios of 226Ra from tissues of local plants, considered important in the hare's diet, to bone ranged from 0.22 to 8.60. Concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po (95-245 mBq g(-1) dry wt) were not significantly different among tailings and control site populations. Disequilibrium between these isotopes and their precursors was noted. No significant accumulation of U and Th was noted at any site. Higher concentrations of 228Th compared to 232Th are attributed to accumulation of 228Ra in a manner similar to that of 226Ra. Based on bone 226Ra and 210Po contents, the maximum internal dose rates to the skeleton and the maximum life-time dose of hare living near tailings were 3.9 x 10(-5) Gy d(-1) and 4.2 x 10(-2) Gy, respectively. These rates were below the threshold required to produce osteosarcoma in other mammals and were considered unlikely to adversely affect hare during their lifetime. Radionuclide uptake by the animals was concluded to have no environmental significance in the transport of radionuclides from tailings to other locations.     

Persistent organochlorines in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St Lawrence River estuary--I. Concentrations and patterns of specific PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Blubber samples from beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the St Lawrence River estuary were analysed for PCB congeners (ortho- and non-ortho-substituted) and other persistent organochlorines as well as chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Major individual components (mean concentrations > 1 microg g(-1)) were 4,4'-DDE, -DDD and -DDT, T12 (a toxaphene-related compound), trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, mirex, HCB, tris(p-chlorophenyl) methane and dieldrin. Concentrations of SigmaPCBs (8.3-412 microg g(-1)), SigmaDDT (3.36-389 microg g(-1)) and mirex (0.18-6.8 microg g(-1)) were particularly elevated relative to other odontocetes in Canadian waters. SigmaDDT, PCBs (as Aroclor), mirex and T12 concentrations were positively correlated with age of adult females (> 10 years) but only weakly, or not significantly, correlated with age of adult males. PCDD/Fs were present at low ng kg(-1) levels and consisted mainly of penta- and hexachlorofurans, and hepta- and octachlorodioxin. CB126 (3,3',4,4',5-PCB) was the most prominent non-ortho-substituted PCB congener in beluga blubber. Total TCDD toxic equivalents averaged 330 ng kg(-1) in females and 1400 ng kg(-1) in males and were dominated by CB126, and the mono-ortho-substituted congeners CB105 and CB118. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) for mirex and SigmaPCB from fish to beluga ranged from 11 to 16, and were similar to BMFs in Arctic animals, indicating that elevated levels in St Lawrence animals are a consequence of relatively high levels of recalcitrant organochlorines in prey of the beluga in the St Lawrence river system.