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111.
Three different studies examine moderating effects of focus of attention at work on leader-follower relationships, using the typology developed by Howell, Dorfman, and Kerr (1986). Survey data were collected from over 1300 subjects. Results indicate that: (1) high focus on the supervisor while at work enhances leader behaviour-subordinate satisfaction and behaviour relationships, (2) high focus on off-job factors while at work enhances leader behaviour-subordinate satisfaction relationships, and (3) high focus on off-job factors while at work weakens leader behaviour-subordinate behaviour relationships. Theoretical implications for the study of organizational behaviour are discussed, as well as practical issues for enhancing leader behaviour effectiveness in work organizations. 相似文献
112.
Nitrate nitrogen in surface waters as influenced by climatic conditions and agricultural practices 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Subsurface tile drainage from row-crop agricultural production systems has been identified as a major source of nitrate entering surface waters in the Mississippi River basin. Noncontrollable factors such as precipitation and mineralization of soil organic matter have a tremendous effect on drainage losses, nitrate concentrations, and nitrate loadings in subsurface drainage water. Cropping system and nutrient management inputs are controllable factors that have a varying influence on nitrate losses. Row crops leak substantially greater amounts of nitrate compared with perennial crops; however, satisfactory economic return with many perennials is an obstacle at present. Improving N management by applying the correct rate of N at the optimum time and giving proper credits to previous legume crops and animal manure applications will also lead to reduced nitrate losses. Nitrate losses have been shown to be minimally affected by tillage systems compared with N management practices. Scientists and policymakers must understand these factors as they develop educational materials and environmental guidelines for reducing nitrate losses to surface waters. 相似文献
113.
Randall M. Peterman 《Ecological modelling》1977,3(2):133-148
A graphical technique is demonstrated which, when combined with any resource simulation model, permits the resource manager to explore the effects of different management options. Also, this technique (nomogram or response surface) permits derivation of “optimal solutions” given particular objectives. Examples of the methodology are given for the spruce budworm—forest system in eastern Canada. Effects of several kinds of uncertainties are dicussed, including uncertainties in model assumptions, management precision, future objectives and system evolution. The graphical nature of nomograms helps managers and analysts to grasp more easily the complicated behavior of ecological systems models. Finally, the role of computer models in decision-making is discussed. 相似文献
114.
Davis RL Zhang H Schroder JL Wang JJ Payton ME Zazulak A 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(5):1640-1650
The loss of phosphorus (P) in runoff from agricultural soils may accelerate eutrophication in lakes and streams as well as degrade surface water quality. Limited soil specific data exist on the relationship between runoff P and soil P. This study investigated the relationship between runoff dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and soil P for three Oklahoma benchmark soils: Richfield (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll), Dennis (fine, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Argiudoll), and Kirkland (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Udertic Paleustoll) series. These soils were selected to represent the most important agricultural soils in Oklahoma across three major land resource areas. Surface soil (0-15 cm) was collected from three designated locations, treated with diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) to establish a wide range of water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) (3.15-230 mg kg(-1)) and Mehlich-3 phosphorus (M3P) (27.8-925 mg kg(-1)). Amended soils were allowed to reach a steady state 210 d before simulated rainfall (75 mm h(-1)). Runoff was collected for 30 min from bare soil boxes (1.0 x 0.42 m and 5% slope) and analyzed for DRP and total P. Soil samples collected immediately before rainfall simulation were analyzed for the following: M3P, WSP, ammonium oxalate P saturation index (PSI(ox)), water-soluble phosphorus saturation index (PSI(WSP)), and phosphorus saturation index calculated from M3P and phosphorus sorption maxima (P(sat)). The DRP in runoff was highly related (p < 0.001) to M3P for individual soil series (r2 > 0.92). Highly significant relationships (p < 0.001) were found between runoff DRP and soil WSP for the individual soil series (r2 > 0.88). Highly significant relationships (p < 0.001) existed between DRP and different P saturation indexes. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among the slopes of the regressions for the DRP-M3P, DRP-WSP, DRP-PSI(ox), DRP-PSI(WSP), and DRP-P(sat) relationships indicate that the relationships are soil specific and phosphorus management decisions should consider soil characteristics. 相似文献
115.
Robert Eisenberger Jason R. Jones Florence Stinglhamber Linda Shanock Amanda T. Randall 《组织行为杂志》2005,26(7):755-775
Applying Csikszentmihalyi's ( 1990 ) flow theory of optimal experience to the workplace, two studies examined the relationships of employees' perceived skill and challenge at work and need for achievement with their positive mood, intrinsic task interest, and extra‐role performance. Among achievement‐oriented employees only, high skill and challenge was associated with greater positive mood, task interest, and performance than other skill/challenge combinations. Additionally, positive mood mediated the interactive relationship of skill/challenge and need for achievement with performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
116.
Randall S. Schuler 《组织行为杂志》1982,3(1):5-19
In this paper a definition and a conceptualization of stress in organizations are offered. Stress is defined as a perceived dynamic state about something important. The model developed in this paper incorporates organizational and individual stressors, individual appraisal of the stressors and individual responses to the stress including short term, intermediate and long term responses, both voluntary and involuntary. Critical to the model is the definition of stress based on individual need for the resolution of dynamic states of uncertainty. Previous research from the medical and health sciences are used along with that from organizational sciences to develop the integrative transactional process model. Finally several hypotheses based on the model are suggested. 相似文献
117.
Sinclair RC Smith R Colligan M Prince M Nguyen T Stayner L 《Journal of Safety Research》2003,34(5):547-558
Problem: Outcome measures for safety training effectiveness research often do not include measures such as occupational injury experience. Effectiveness mediators also receive sparse attention. Method: A new safety training curriculum was delivered to workers in a stratified random sample of food service facilities across three companies. A similar group of facilities received usual training. We collected post-test measures of demographic variables, safety knowledge, perceptions of transfer of training climate, and workers' compensation claim data for one year after the initial training activities. Results: Knowledge test scores were apparently higher in the new-training units than in the usual-training units. Some demographic variables were inconsistently associated with these differences. Evidence for reduction of the injury rate associated with the new training was observed from two companies but only approached significance for one company. A second company revealed a similar but non-significant trend. Knowledge scores were not significantly associated with lower injury rates. Discussion: We found evidence that safety training increases knowledge and reduces injuries. We found almost no evidence of effects of training effectiveness mediators, including no relationship between safety knowledge and injury experience. Methodological issues related to conducting a large study may have influenced these results. Impact on Industry: Although safety training leads to greater knowledge and, in some cases, reduced occupational injuries, the influence of mediating variables remains to be fully explained. 相似文献
118.
Randall A. Kramer Sahat M. H. Simanjuntak Christopher Liese 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(4):367-372
东南亚的沿海生态系统正处于来自局部和全球变化增长的压力下.本文研究了印度尼西亚北苏拉威西省米纳哈萨区沿海村庄中的人口迁徒和海洋资源利用情况.原始数据是通过对村庄领导人、重点人群的采访以及600个捕鱼家庭的抽样调查收集的.在过去10年经济增长总量中至少有1/4应归功于人口迁徙.所有渔民团体都报道说近岸渔业生产力正在下降.经济计量学分析被用来研究手工捕鱼部门的周渔获量.人口迁徙状态和社会经济变量看来不产生系统的影响,而渔捞能力(劳动力、渔船及渔具),专业化程度以及村庄地处遥远被认为确实与周渔获量大小有关系. 相似文献
119.
Raymond Supalla Bettina Klaus Osei Yeboah Randall Bruins 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(4):959-966
ABSTRACT: The resource management problem for the Middle Platte ecosystem is the insufficient water available to meet both instream ecological demands and out‐of‐stream economic needs. This problem of multiple interest groups competing for a limited resource is compounded by sharp disagreement in the scientific community over endangered species' needs for instream flows. In this study, game theory was used to address one dimension of this resource management problem. A sequential auction with repeated bidding was used to determine how much instream flow water each of three states — Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming — will provide and at what price. The results suggest that the use of auction mechanisms can improve the prospects for reaching a multi‐state agreement on who will supply instream flow water, if the auction is structured to discourage misrepresentation of costs and if political compensation is allowed. 相似文献
120.
Parker J. Wigington Clifford W. Randall Thomas J. Grizzard 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(5):709-718
ABSTRACT Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soils of urban stormwater detention basins. The research results seemed to indicate that the use of detention basins to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study trace metals. Although the trace metals, especially lead and zinc, were found to accumulate in the surface soils of the basins, little significant downward movement of metals in the soil profiles had occurred. Accumulations of metals in the surface soils appeared to be a function of microtopography and the resultant residence time of standing water. The fractions of trace metals that were present in a leachable form in surface soils and stormwater solids were small, with median values ranging from 7.7 percent of the total concentration for Cd to 0.01 percent for Pb. 相似文献