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51.
Antibiotic Transport via Runoff and Soil Loss 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Davis JG Truman CC Kim SC Ascough JC Carlson K 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(6):2250-2260
Research has verified the occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in manure, agricultural fields, and surface water bodies, yet little research has evaluated antibiotic runoff from agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for agricultural runoff to contribute antibiotics to surface water bodies in a worst-case scenario. Our hypothesis was that there would be significant differences in antibiotic concentrations, partitioning of losses between runoff and sediment, and pseudo-partitioning coefficients (ratio of sediment concentration to runoff concentration) among antibiotics. An antibiotic solution including tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), erythromycin (ERY), tylosin (TYL), and monensin (MNS) was sprayed on the soil surface 1 h before rainfall simulation (average intensity = 60 mm h(-1) for 1 h). Runoff samples were collected continuously and analyzed for aqueous and sediment antibiotic concentrations. MNS had the highest concentration in runoff, resulting in the highest absolute loss, although the amount of loss associated with sediment transport was <10%. ERY had the highest concentrations in sediment and had a relative loss associated with sediment >50%. TYL also had >50% relative loss associated with sediment, and its pseudo-partitioning coefficient (P-PC) was very high. The tetracyclines (TC and CTC) had very low aqueous concentrations and had the lowest absolute losses. If agricultural runoff is proven to result in development of resistance genes or toxicity to aquatic organisms, then erosion control practices could be used to reduce TC, ERY, and TYL losses leaving agricultural fields. Other methods will be needed to reduce transport of other antibiotics. 相似文献
52.
Although the fitness consequences of herbivory on terrestrial plants have been extensively studied, considerably less is known
about how partial predation impacts the fitness of clonal marine organisms. The trophic role of Caribbean parrotfish on coral
reefs is complex: while these fish are important herbivores, as corallivores (consumers of live coral tissue), they selectively
graze specific species and colonies of reef-building corals. Though the benefits of parrotfish herbivory for reef resilience
and conservation are well documented, the negative consequences of parrotfish grazing for coral reproductive fitness have
not been previously determined. We examined recently grazed colonies of Montastraea annularis corals to determine whether grazing was positively associated with coral reproductive effort. We measured gonad number, egg
number and size, and proportional reproductive allocation for grazed and intact coral colonies 2–5 days prior to their annual
spawning time. We found that parrotfish selectively grazed coral polyps with high total reproductive effort (number of gonads),
providing the first evidence that parrotfish selectively target specific tissue areas within a single coral colony. The removal
of polyps with high reproductive effort has direct adverse affects on coral fitness, with additional indirect implications
for colony growth and survival. We conclude that chronic grazing by parrotfishes has negative fitness consequences for reef-building
corals, and by extension, reef ecosystems. 相似文献
53.
Kathleen F. Carlson Author Vitae Susan G. Gerberich Author Vitae Author Vitae Ann S. Masten Author Vitae Author Vitae John M. Shutske Author Vitae Author Vitae Colleen M. Renier Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(2):97-103
Problem
Children on family agricultural operations have high risk of injury. The association between children's behavioral traits and their risk of injury is not well understood.Method
Data from the Regional Rural Injury Study-II were used to assess behavioral risk factors for injury to children ages six to < 20 years. A total of 379 injury events (cases) and 1,562 randomly selected controls were identified. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), calculated using logistic regression, were used to estimate injury risk in reference to behavioral traits.Results
Injury risks were greater for children with high levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.0-3.7) and aggression (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.9-2.7), and low levels of careful/cautious behavior (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-2.9). Children with low levels of self-regulation had reduced risks (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.2-0.8).Discussion
Results suggest that children's behaviors affect their risk of agricultural injury. Additional research could elucidate mechanisms and inform interventions.Impact on industry
The development of multifaceted, sustainable approaches for prevention is necessary for this unique population. These findings suggest a need for interventions that incorporate specific behavior-related risk factors in the context of family farms and ranches. 相似文献54.
A set of soil columns was constructed to simulate discharge of disinfected tertiary treated wastewater to a river via nearby land application or indirect discharge. The system was primarily designed to observe the fate of metal ions and nutrients. The following three experiments were conducted: (1) flow through saturated soils only, which simulates indirect discharge where water is directly applied to groundwater; (2) flow through unsaturated soil followed by saturated flow, which simulates vadose then saturated zone transport; and (3) saturated flow only using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-metal chelates, which determined effects of metal organic complexes on metal mobility through the soil. Metal ion attenuation was substantial but not complete in experiments 1 and 2 (removal: 68% Cu2+, 43% Ni2+, 98% Pb2+, and 96% Hg2+), which was somewhat contrary to modeling results. Cyanide attenuation was also monitored (92% removal). In experiment 3, lead attenuation was somewhat reduced (92% removal) and delayed (requiring additional residence time); copper attenuation was significantly reduced (38% removal) and delayed; and nickel concentrations were higher in the 28-day sample (> 80 microg/L) than in the column feed water (58 microg/L). Near-complete denitrification and total phosphorus attenuation were observed. For the water quality constituents studied, unsaturated (vadose zone) transport did not appear to add additional benefit. 相似文献
55.
Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen Hilde Faerevik Kristine Holb? Ragnhild Nesbakken Jarl Reitan Arne R?yset Maria Suong Le Thi 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2008,14(1):43-53
Phase-change materials (PCM) can be used to reduce thermal stress and improve thermal comfort for workers wearing protective clothing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PCM in protective clothing used in simulated work situations. We hypothesized that it would be possible to optimize cooling performance with a design that focuses on careful positioning of PCM, minimizing total insulation and facilitating moisture transport. Thermal stress and thermal comfort were estimated through measurement of body heat production, body temperatures, sweat production, relative humidity in clothing and subjective ratings of thermal comfort, thermal sensitivity and perception of wetness. Experiments were carried out using 2 types of PCM, the crystalline dehydrate of sodium sulphate and microcapsules in fabrics. The results of 1 field and 2 laboratory experimental series were conclusive in that reduced thermal stress and improved thermal comfort were related to the amount and distribution of PCM, reduced sweat production and adequate transport of moisture. 相似文献
56.
Erna von Heimburg Mariann Sandsund Tone Pedersen Rangul Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2019,25(3):412-422
Purpose. To study whether perceptual identification should be included as a measure to evaluate physiological stress. Methods. Physiological variables oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rectal temperature (Trec) and mean skin temperature, and perceptual variables rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation and time to exhaustion, were measured at submaximal and maximal intensities during graded exercise on a treadmill to exhaustion in 12 firefighters wearing protective clothing and extra mass at 40 and 10 °C. Physiological strain index (PhSI) and perceptual strain index (PeSI) were calculated. Results. Apart from Trec, all physiological and perceptual variables were higher at submaximal intensities of 40 °C. Time to exhaustion was 16% shorter and the corresponding VO2 was reduced by 7% in the heat. A high correlation (r?=?89) between PhSI and PeSI was found at both temperatures. PeSI scores were equal to PhSI at both ambient temperatures, except at the two highest intensities in the heat, where PeSI was higher. Conclusions. These findings support use of perceptual identification to evaluate physiological stress. However, at very high intensities under hot conditions the perceptual strain was estimated higher than the physiological strain. More precise indexes are needed to include perceptual measures in safety standard. 相似文献
57.
Hans Antonson Annelie Carlson 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(8):1340-1362
The use of electric-powered vehicles (EV) is experiencing a boom in some countries. Much research has been conducted on the technology per se; however, there is a research gap regarding institutional spatial planning practice concerning EVs. Here, an empirical analysis was made of planners’ interpretations of opportunities and obstacles to integration of EVs in southern Sweden. The results revealed a lack of interplay between local and regional administrations and showed that the agenda is run by individual bureaucrats rather than being based on official strategies. Moreover, there appears to be a lack of horizontal interplay within some organisations, while new arenas are being formed by actors within and outside government. The reason for formation of such external EV networks may be a single actor not being able to push the issue forward alone, due to a fragmented organisation, or a lack of clear external task formulation at central government level. 相似文献
58.
Simone Tenan Aaron Iemma Natalia Bragalanti Paolo Pedrini Marta De Barba Ettore Randi Claudio Groff Meritxell Genovart 《Conservation biology》2016,30(6):1307-1319
The conservation of wildlife requires management based on quantitative evidence, and especially for large carnivores, unraveling cause‐specific mortalities and understanding their impact on population dynamics is crucial. Acquiring this knowledge is challenging because it is difficult to obtain robust long‐term data sets on endangered populations and, usually, data are collected through diverse sampling strategies. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a way to integrate data generated through different processes. However, IPMs are female‐based models that cannot account for mate availability, and this feature limits their applicability to monogamous species only. We extended classical IPMs to a two‐sex framework that allows investigation of population dynamics and quantification of cause‐specific mortality rates in nonmonogamous species. We illustrated our approach by simultaneously modeling different types of data from a reintroduced, unhunted brown bear (Ursus arctos) population living in an area with a dense human population. In a population mainly driven by adult survival, we estimated that on average 11% of cubs and 61% of adults died from human‐related causes. Although the population is currently not at risk, adult survival and thus population dynamics are driven by anthropogenic mortality. Given the recent increase of human‐bear conflicts in the area, removal of individuals for management purposes and through poaching may increase, reversing the positive population growth rate. Our approach can be generalized to other species affected by cause‐specific mortality and will be useful to inform conservation decisions for other nonmonogamous species, such as most large carnivores, for which data are scarce and diverse and thus data integration is highly desirable. 相似文献
59.
Daniel F. Carlson Erick Fredj Hezi Gildor Vered Rom-Kedar 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2010,10(5):499-520
We present a method for estimating the upper bound of the horizontal eddy diffusivity using a non-stationary Lagrangian stochastic
model. First, we identify a mixing barrier using a priori evidence (e.g., aerial photographs or satellite imagery) and using
a Lagrangian diagnostic calculated from observed or modeled spatially non-trivial, time-dependent velocities [for instance,
the relative dispersion (RD) or finite time Lyapunov exponent (FDLE)]. Second, we add a stochastic component to the observed
(or modeled) velocity field. The stochastic component represents sub-grid stochastic diffusion and its mean magnitude is related
to the eddy diffusivity. The RD of Lagrangian trajectories is computed for increasing values of the eddy diffusivity until
the mixing barrier is no longer present. The value at which the mixing barrier disappears provides a dynamical estimate of
the upper bound of the eddy diffusivity. The erosion of the mixing barrier is visually observed in numerical simulations,
and is quantified by computing the kurtosis of the RD at each value of the eddy diffusivity. We demonstrate our method using
the double gyre circulation model and apply it to high frequency (HF) radar observations of surface currents in the Gulf of
Eilat. 相似文献
60.