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11.
Conjunctive use of saline/non-saline irrigation waters is generally aimed at minimizing yield losses and enhancing flexibility
of cropping, without much alteration in farming operations. Recommendation of location-specific suitable conjunctive water
use plans requires assessment of their long-term impacts on soil salinization/sodification and crop yield reductions. This
is conventionally achieved through long-term field experiments. However such impact evaluations are site specific, expensive
and time consuming. Appropriate decision support systems (DSS) can be time-efficient and cost-effective means for such long-term
impact evaluations. This study demonstrates the application of one such (indigenously developed) DSS for recommending best
conjunctive water use plans for a, rice-wheat growing, salt affected farmer’s field in Gurgaon district of Haryana (India).
Before application, the DSS was extensively validated on several farmers and controlled experimental fields in Gurgaon and
Karnal districts of Haryana (India). Validation of DSS showed its potential to give realistic estimates of root zone soil
salinity (with R = 0.76–0.94; AMRE = 0.03–0.06; RMSPD = 0.51–0.90); sodicity (with R = 0.99; AMRE = 0.02; RMSPD = 0.84) and relative crop yield reductions (AMRE = 0.24), under existing (local) resource management
practices. Long term (10 years) root zone salt build ups and associated rice/wheat crop yield reductions, in a salt affected
farmer’s field, under varied conjunctive water use scenarios were evaluated with the validated DSS. It was observed that long-term
applications of canal (CW) and tube well (TW) waters in a cycle and in 1:1 mixed mode, during Kharif season, predicted higher average root zone salt reductions (2–9%) and lower rice crop yield reductions (4–5%) than the existing
practice of 3-CW, 3-TW, 3-CW. Besides this, long-term application of 75% CW mixed with 25% TW, during Rabi season, predicted about 17% lower average root-zone salt reductions than the cyclic applications of (1-CW, 1-TW, 2-CW) and
(2-CW, 1-TW, 1-CW, i.e., existing irrigation strategy). However, average wheat crop yield reductions (16–17%) simulated under
all these strategies were almost at par. In general, cyclic-conjunctive water use strategies emerged as better options than
the blending modes. These results were in complete confirmation with actual long-term conjunctive water use experiments on
similar soils. It was thus observed that such pre-validated tools could be efficient means for designing, local resource and
target crop yield-specific, appropriate conjunctive water use plans for irrigated agricultural lands. 相似文献
12.
Proactive Management of Air Quality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Traditional air resource management systems have difficulty in addressing global issues, sustainable development, direct citizen
participation, and integration with broad economic interests. As reactive management systems, they tend to be compliance-driven,
static, and rigid. In contrast, proactive management systems are principle-driven, innovative, and flexible. Bridge scientists
play a key role in supporting the transformation of raw data into wise action. Decision-makers need to integrate social values
with knowledge about emissions, atmospheric processes, and potential environmental effects using the primary tools of measurements,
monitoring, and modeling. The Alberta Clean Air Strategic Alliance, a unique partnership of governments, industry, and public
interest groups formed in 1994, operates a comprehensive air management system that is capable of addressing air issues of
greater complexity and uncertainty. Its success is measured by the satisfaction of its diverse stakeholders and by the number
and scope of its initiatives. 相似文献
13.
Study of size and mass distribution of particulate matter due to crop residue burning with seasonal variation in rural area of Punjab, India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Awasthi A Agarwal R Mittal SK Singh N Singh K Gupta PK 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(4):1073-1081
Emission from field burning of agricultural crop residue is a common environmental hazard observed in northern India. It has a significant potential health risk for the rural population due to respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM). A study on eight stage size segregated mass distribution of RSPM was done for 2 wheat and 3 rice crop seasons. The study was undertaken at rural and agricultural sites of Patiala (India) where the RSPM levels remained close to the National Ambient Air quality standards (NAAQS). Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) contributed almost 55% to 64% of the RSPM, showing that, in general, the smaller particles dominated during the whole study period with more contribution during the rice crop as compared to that of wheat crop residue burning. Fine particulate matter content in the total RSPM increased with decrease in temperature. Concentration levels of PM(10) and PM(2.5) were higher during the winter months as compared to that in the summer months. Background concentration levels of PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5) were found to be around 97 ± 21, 57 ± 15 and 40 ± 6 μg m(-3), respectively. The levels increased up to 66, 78 and 71% during rice season and 51, 43 and 61% during wheat crop residue burning, respectively. Extensive statistical analysis of the data was done by using pair t-test. Overall results show that the concentration levels of different size particulate matter are greatly affected by agricultural crop residue burning but the total distribution of the particulate matter remains almost constant. 相似文献
14.
Batiha Gaber El-Saber Al-Gareeb Ali I. Qusti Safaa Alshammari Eida M. Kaushik Deepak Verma Ravinder Al-kuraishy Hayder M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(29):43516-43531
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The immune system protects human health from the effects of pathogenic organisms; however, its activity is affected when individuals become infected.... 相似文献
15.
16.
A model recycling program for Alabama 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Solid waste disposal is becoming a difficult problem for many states. Since 1960, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been increasing at a rate of 1% per year. More than 75% of the waste is comprised of recyclable materials. Several states have mandated recycling to decrease the volume of waste intended for disposal. Those mandated programs are very popular, but depend on many political, social, and economic factors for success. While Alabama has the manufacturing infrastructure to support a mandated recycling program, no recycling legislation has been promulgated. At this time recycling is only being done on a voluntary basis. A mandatory program with the proper support, education and funding could allow Alabama to recycle much of the 5.2 million tons of waste that are generated within its borders each year. 相似文献
17.
Twenty-six-day-old black turtle bean cv. 'Domino' plants were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (0.0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10 microl liter(-1)), 7 h per day for 5 days per week for 3 weeks, under controlled environment. Data were collected on net photosynthesis rate (PN), stomatal resistance (SR), and dark respiration rate (DR), immediately after exposure, 24 h after the termination of exposure and at maturity (when the leaves had just started turning yellow), using a LICOR 6000 Portable Photosynthesis System. Chlorophyll-a (Ch-a), chlorophyll-b (Ch-b), total chlorophyll (tot-Ch) and leaf nitrogen were measured immediately after exposure and at maturity. Growth characteristics-relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and root: shoot ratio (RSR)-were computed for treated plants. Net photosynthesis rate increased by 53% in 0.10 microl liter(-1) NO2 treated plants immediately after exposure compared to control plants. Dark respiration rates were also higher in treated plants. Ch-a, Ch-b and tot-Ch showed significant increases with 0.1 microl liter(-1) NO2 treatment immediately after exposure. Foliar nitrogen content showed an increase in treated plants both immediately after exposure and at maturity. Increases were also seen in RGR and NAR. Plant yield increased by 86% (number of pods), 29% (number of seeds) and 46% (weight of seeds), respectively. Nitrogen dioxide stimulated the overall plant growth and crop yield. 相似文献
18.
19.
Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harminder Pal Singh Priyanka Mahajan Shalinder Kaur Daizy R. Batish Ravinder K. Kohli 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2013,11(3):229-254
Chromium (Cr) is the second most common metal contaminant in ground water, soil, and sediments due to its wide industrial application, hence posing a serious environmental concern. Among various valence states, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are the most stable forms. Cr(VI) is the most persistent in the soil and is highly toxic for biota. Since Cr is a non-essential element for plants, there is no uptake mechanism; Cr is taken up along essential elements such as sulfate through sulfate transporters. Cr accumulation in plants causes high toxicity in terms of reduction in growth and biomass accumulation, and Cr induces structural alterations. Cr interferes with photosynthetic and respiration processes, and water and minerals uptake mechanism. Various enzymatic activities related to starch and nitrogen metabolism are decreased by Cr toxicity either by direct interference with the enzymes or through the production of reactive oxygen species. Cr causes oxidative damage by destruction of membrane lipids and DNA damage. Cr may even cause the death of plant species. Few plant species are able to accumulate high amount of Cr without being damaged. Such Cr-tolerant, hyperaccumulator plants are exploited for their bioremediation property. The present review discusses Cr availability in the environment, Cr transfer to biota, toxicity issues, effect on germination and plant growth, morphological and ultrastructural aberrations, biochemical and physiological alterations, effect on metabolic processes, Cr-induced alterations at the molecular level, Cr hyperaccumulation and Cr detoxification mechanism, and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae in Cr toxicity, in plants. 相似文献
20.
Hanning RM Sandhu R MacMillan A Moss L Tsuji LJ Nieboer E 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(2):241-245
Exposure to Pb in-utero and in infancy has been associated with cognitive risk, even at low blood Pb levels of 0.48-0.96 micromol L(-1). Based on the hypothesis that wild game consumed by First Nation women of Mushkegowuk Territory contains Pb that might be transferred through blood or breast-milk to the fetus or infant, the study's objectives were to describe: (1) Pb in maternal and cord blood at birth and infant blood at 4 months, and (2) dietary influence on Pb status. Cord and maternal Pb were 0.10 +/- 0.08 and 0.11 +/- 0.06 micromol L(-1) (x +/- SD), respectively, and were significantly correlated (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001, n = 70), as was infant blood Pb (0.08 +/- 0.05 micromol L(-1)) with matched cord blood (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001, n = 30). Two cord blood samples (3%) were above 0.48 micromol L(-1). Pb in breast-milk at 0.010 +/- 0.008 micromol L(-1) (n = 25), was significantly lower than Pb in commercial formula or evaporated milk-based feedings (range 0.02-0.05 micromol L(-1), p < 0.05), and correlated with matched maternal blood Pb (r = 0.55, p < 0.005). However, in a sub-sample of infants (n = 31), blood Pb was similar for breastfed and formula-fed groups, though above the evaporated milk-fed group (p < 0.05). Maternal consumption of wild fowl, mammals and fish, estimated from the previous year, provided, respectively, 128 +/- 124, 46 +/- 68 and 8 +/- 13 MJ annum(-1). Traditional animal food intake, especially wild fowl, correlated significantly with cord blood Pb (Spearman rank correlation, p = 0.017). Although blood and milk Pb levels were largely within acceptable ranges, the presence of some elevated levels and association between blood Pb and traditional game consumption may reflect the legacy of using lead-containing ammunition. 相似文献