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151.
Allen S. Hope Ray D. Jackson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(5):1009-1014
ABSTRACT: Several crop water stress indices were examined to determine their potential for use from a space-based system. These indices were compared using data collected over a wheat crop grown under arid environmental conditions. Indices that required concurrent ground-based measurements were less adaptable than the simple difference between canopy temperatures of a field with unknown stress conditions and a similar crop known to be unstressed. The results indicate that it would be feasible to develop space-based crop water stress techniques that would be useful for scheduling irrigations. 相似文献
152.
Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish
from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA
Most studies that have examined mercury (Hg) contamination of fish have focused on game species feeding near the top of the food web, while studies that examine forage fish that feed near the base of the food web are rare. We conducted a survey of Hg contamination in three species of forage fish, brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA and found species-specific differences in Hg concentrations. We examined total length, age, trophic position (determined using δ15N), and growth rate of forage fish as factors that could have influenced within-and between-species differences in Hg concentration. Total length and age were the best predictors of within-species differences in Hg concentration. Between-species differences in Hg concentrations were most strongly influenced by trophic position. 相似文献
153.
Ray C. Whittemore John Beebe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(3):493-499
ABSTRACT: Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Non‐point Sources (BASINS) is a geographic‐based watershed assessment tool developed by EPA's Office of Water to help states more efficiently target and evaluate water‐bodies that are not meeting water quality standards. BASINS (EPA, 1996a, 1998) brings together data on water quality and quantity, land uses, point source loadings, and other related spatial data with supporting nonpoint and water quality models at a quicker and more effective pace. EPA developed BASINS, to better integrate point and nonpoint source water quality assessments for the Nation's 2100+ watersheds. In its zeal to achieve this endpoint, EPA has initiated a simplistic approach that was expected to grow through scientific enhancements as TMDL developers become more familiar with modeling requirements. BASINS builds upon federal databases of water quality conditions and point source loadings for numerous parameters where quality assurance is suspect in some cases. Its design allows comprehensive assessments and modeling in typical Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) computations. While the TMDL utility is the primary reason BASINS was developed, other longer‐range water quality assessments will become possible as the Agency expands the suite of assessment models and databases in future releases. The simplistic approach to modeling and user‐friendly tools gives rise, however, to technical and philosophical concerns related to default data usage. Seamless generation of model input files and the failure of some utilities to work properly suggest to NCASI that serious problems may still exist and prompts the need for a more rigorous peer‐review. Furthermore, sustainable training becomes paramount, as some older modelers will be unfamiliar with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and associated computer skills. Overall, however, BASINS was judged to be an excellent beginning tool to meet the complex environmental modeling needs in the 21st Century. 相似文献
154.
Brown RW Gonzales C Hooper MJ Bayat AC Fornerette AM McBride TJ Longoria T Mielke HW 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(6):541-547
Residential lead (Pb) contamination, resulting from decades-long use of leaded gasoline and lead-based paint, is likely to
be present in soils in most urban areas. A screening level sampling effort demonstrated that Lubbock, Texas, USA, like other
cities of its age and size, has areas of elevated soil Pb. This effort was based on soil sampling performed on residential,
commercial and thoroughfare properties. The focus of this study was to investigate that component of soil contamination due
to combustion of leaded gasoline. Soils were collected from the 1–2 cm surface layer from street-side property borders, well
away from buildings that might lead to soil contamination from leaded paint chips. All samples were analyzed for Pb after
a 1 M HNO3 mild extraction to determine the amount of bioavailable Pb. Two of three transects through the city demonstrated significant
trends of decreasing Pb concentrations with distance from the city center, paralleling a decrease in developed property age.
Peak soil Pb concentrations outside city development was 4.9 ± 0.6 mg/kg while the median concentration for the city was 35.4 mg/kg.
Peak soil Pb concentrations in the city center ranged from 90.0 to 174.0 mg/kg and decreased exponentially to 6.0–9.0 mg/kg
at the furthest terminus of the residential transects. 相似文献
155.
Recio-Sánchez Gonzalo Tighe-Neira Ricardo Alvarado Claudia Inostroza-Blancheteau Claudio Benito Noelia García-Rodríguez Alba Marcos Ricard Pesenti Héctor Carmona Erico R. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(15):15115-15123
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the present work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthetized with Cryptocarya alba (Peumo) leaf extract were studied. The fabrication method was... 相似文献
156.
157.
Kleinman PJ Srinivasan MS Dell CJ Schmidt JP Sharpley AN Bryant RB 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(4):1248-1259
Loss of soil nutrients in runoff accelerates eutrophication of surface waters. This study evaluated P and N in surface runoff in relation to rainfall intensity and hydrology for two soils along a single hillslope. Experiments were initiated on 1- by 2-m plots at foot-slope (6%) and mid-slope (30%) positions within an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) field. Rain simulations (2.9 and 7.0 cm h(-1)) were conducted under wet (spring) and dry (late-summer) conditions. Elevated, antecedent soil moisture at the foot-slope during the spring resulted in less rain required to generate runoff and greater runoff volumes, compared with runoff from the well-drained mid-slope in spring and at both landscape positions in late summer. Phosphorus in runoff was primarily in dissolved reactive form (DRP averaged 71% of total P), with DRP concentrations from the two soils corresponding with soil test P levels. Nitrogen in runoff was mainly nitrate (NO3-N averaged 77% of total N). Site hydrology, not chemistry, was primarily responsible for variations in mass N and P losses with landscape position. Larger runoff volumes from the foot-slope produced higher losses of total P (0.08 kg ha(-1)) and N (1.35 kg ha(-1)) than did runoff from the mid-slope (0.05 total P kg ha(-1); 0.48 kg N ha(-1)), particularly under wet, spring-time conditions. Nutrient losses were significantly greater under the high intensity rainfall due to larger runoff volumes. Results affirm the critical source area concept for both N and P: both nutrient availability and hydrology in combination control nutrient loss. 相似文献
158.
159.
Dipa Ray Papri Roy Suparna Sengupta Siba Prasad Sengupta Amar K. Mohanty Manjusri Misra 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(1):49-55
Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) blends in two different ratios (60:40 and 50:50) were prepared with glycerol as a plasticizer. Films
were cast by a solution casting method. One set of films were filled with 10 wt% of bentonite clay and another set of films
were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline medium. The prepared film samples were characterized with dynamic mechanical
analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The presence of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin was found
to have considerable effect on the dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of the films. Intercomponent H-bonding
between starch, Poly(vinylalcohol) and glycerol enhanced the thermal stability of the films. But incorporation of clay and
crosslinking with epichlorohydrin enhanced the steric crowding and lowered the thermal stability of the films. 相似文献
160.
As a basic means to control odorants released from a landfill leachate treatment station (LLTS), effluents venting from this station were treated via incineration with methane rich landfill gas (at 750 °C). A list of the key offensive odorants covering 22 chemicals was measured by collecting those gas samples both before and after the treatment. Upon incineration, the concentration levels of most odorants decreased drastically below threshold levels. The sum of odorant intensities (SOIs), if compared between before and after incineration, decreased from 6.94 (intolerable level) to 3.45 (distinct level). The results indicate that the thermal incineration method can be used as a highly efficient tool to remove most common odorants (e.g., reduced sulfur species), while it is not so for certain volatile species (e.g., carbonyls, fatty acids, etc.). 相似文献