Enforcement Authority and Vegetation Change at Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary,Rajasthan, India

Land cover change in protected areas is often associated with human use, especially illicit extraction, but the direction and spatial distribution of such effects and their drivers are poorly understood. We analyze and explain the spatial distribution of vegetation change at the Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary in the Aravalli range of Rajasthan, India using remotely sensed data and observation of conservation institutions. Two satellite images are examined in time series over the 13 years following the founding of the sanctuary through a cross-tabulation technique of dominant classes of vegetation density. The resulting change trajectories are compared for their relative distance to high-traffic forest entrance points for local users. The results show 28% of the study area undergoing change, though in multiple trajectories, with both increasing and decreasing density of vegetation in discrete patches. Areas of change are shown to be closer to entrance points than areas experiencing no change. The patchiness of change results from complex issues in local enforcement authority for middle and lower-level officials in Forest Department bureaucracy, leading to further questions about the efficacy and impact of use restrictions in Protected Areas.     

Effects of organic contaminants on reproduction of the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus in San Francisco Bay

Gonadally mature Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) were captured at two localities in San Francisco Bay in 1983–1985 and were induced to spawn in the laboratory; they were evaluated for relationships between several measures of survival through successive early life-history stages, chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in maternal liver and spawned eggs, and maternal hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity. The effect of laboratory holding on hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), a particular MFO activity, and concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were also evaluated. Significant negative correlations were found between maternal hepatic AHH activity at the time of spawning and percent viable (floating) eggs, fertilization success, and embryological success. Embryological success was also negatively correlated with concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs. Laboratory holding for 45d, about twice the mean time to spawning, resulted in no significant changes in chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations, but significant decreases in liver concentrations of phthalate esters and hepatic AHH activity. Females captured at the more urbanized central bay site, Berkeley (Bk), had a lesser proportion of floating eggs, poorer fertilization success, and higher hepatic AHH activities than those captured at a site in northern San Pablo Bay (SP). These results indicate the potential for a serious effect of lipophilic neutral organic contaminants on reproduction of an important estuarine flatfish species. Several mechanisms of toxic action are suggested to account for the observed effects, including the binding of toxic metabolites of contaminants to macromolecules and the alteration of sex steroids in females with contaminant-induced P-450 isozyme(s).Some preliminary findings included in this study were presented at the Third International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants (Spies et al. 1985 a)     

ESTIMATING EROSION RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH LOGGING AND FOREST ROADS IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Erosion resulting from logging and road building has long been a concern to forest managers and the general public. An objective methodology was developed to estimate erosion risk on forest roads and in harvest areas on private land in northwestern California. It was based on 260 plots sampled from the area harvested under 415 Timber Harvest Plans completed between November 1978 and October 1979. Results confirmed previous findings that most erosion related to forest management occurs on a small fraction of the managed area. Erosion features larger than the minimum size inventories in this study (> 13 yd³) occupied only 0.2 percent of the area investigated. Linear discriminant analysis was used to develop two equations for identifying critical sites (sites with erosion >100 yd³ac^?1). The equations were based on slope, horizontal curvature (an expression of local topography), and soil color (on road sites) or the strength of the underlying rocks (on harvest sites). The equations can be used in planning to estimate the erosion risk of proposed activities. They can also be used to estimate acceptable risk thresholds based on the value of competing resources.     

Assessment of the phototoxicity of weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to juvenile pink salmon

Petroleum products are known to have greater toxicity to the translucent embryos and larvae of aquatic organisms in the presence of ultraviolet radiation (UV) compared to toxicity determined in tests performed under standard laboratory lighting with minimal UV. This study assessed the acute phototoxicity of the water accommodated fractions of weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS) to juvenile pink salmon, which are a heavily pigmented life stage. Fish in the highest ANS treatments exhibited melanosis, less mobility, reduced startle response, erratic swimming, and loss of equilibrium. Gills from fish exposed to ANS had elevated levels of hydroperoxides in oil-only, UV-only, and oil+UV treatments compared to control fish, which was indicative of increased lipid peroxidation in gill tissue. Under the test conditions of moderate salinity, low UV and high short-term oil exposure there were no indications of photoenhanced toxicity as assessed by elevation of mortality, behavioral impairment, or gill lipid peroxidation in oil+UV treatments. The results of this study suggest that pink salmon may be at less risk from photoenhanced toxicity compared to the translucent early-life stages of several other Alaska species.     

The influence of lipids on the energetics of uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by natural organic matter

Although most of the organic carbon in soils and sediments may be composed of humic substances, their interaction with other compounds, especially their sorption interactions, may be significantly affected by the presence of small amounts of the other components of natural organic matter (NOM). In this investigation, the influence of the lipid fraction of NOM on the sorption thermodynamics of fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to several geosorbent samples was examined before and after extraction of lipids. Batch experiments were performed at the same concentration for all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (0.025 x their solubility in water) at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees C), and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Removal of the lipids increases the sorption capacity of the samples as well as the exothermicity of the process. The free energy change was negative for all the samples and no significant differences were noticed on lipid removal. The entropy changes were small and positive for the whole geosorbent samples, but even smaller or more negative when the lipids were removed. This indicates that the interaction of PAHs with soils and sediments in the absence of extractable lipids is stronger and the mechanisms involved may be different, changing from a partitioning-like mechanism to specific adsorption. Because of the competition between lipids and PAHs for the same sorption sites, the lipids can be viewed as an "implicit sorbate."     

Genetic study of the extent and consequences of sexual and asexual reproduction in the deep-sea epizoic anemones Amphianthus inornata and Kadosactis commensalis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)

The anemone Amphianthus inornata is found at bathyal depths living on colonies of the gorgonian Acanella arbuscula. Previous studies of the morphology and reproductive stage of this anemone, during different times of the year, have indicated that it reproduces sexually on a seasonal basis. A small proportion of the study population were also reported to be undergoing asexual reproduction by fission. The anemone Kadosactis commensalis is also bathyal, but lives mainly on the holothurian Paroriza prouhoi. Previous morphological studies have indicated that K. commensalis is a protandrous hermaphrodite that exhibits non-seasonal sexual reproduction only. In the present study, allozyme electrophoresis was used to examine the prevalence and genetic consequences of asexual reproduction in a population of Amphianthus inornata from 2 200 m in the Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean. Genetic evidence, from five randomly selected polymorphic enzyme loci, for asexual reproduction in this species was weak. Exact tests indicated that genotype frequencies did not differ significantly from those expected under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. F _IS (correlation of homologous alleles with reference to local population, assuming random mating) values also did not differ significantly from zero, and observed heterozygosity (H _o =0.446) and genotypic diversity (G _o =17.0387) were very similar to Hardy–Weinberg expected frequencies (H _e =0.446; G ^* _e =17.0010). Evidence suggests that the contribution of asexual reproduction to recruitment in the study population of A. inornata is low. For a single population of K. commensalis from 4 850 m on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, North Atlantic Ocean, the hypothesis that inbreeding due to reduced occurrence of outcrossing between anemones on a single holothurian host was examined by electrophoresis of ten randomly selected enzyme loci. Single-locus genotypic frequencies were significantly different from expected frequencies for one locus P≤ 0.05, hexokinase-1 (Hex-1)]. F _IS values were significantly different from zero for two enzyme loci (Hex-1 and Hex-2, P≤ 0.01 and P≤ 0.05, respectively), and the overall observed heterozygosity was lower than the expected heterozygosity (H _o =0.125, H _e =0.140). The hypothesis of inbreeding could not be rejected by the present study, although sample size was small (N=55), leading to possible bias in tests of significance. Genetic variation in A. inornata was higher than that recorded for most eukaryotes, although interlocus sampling error for only five loci is high. High genetic variability has been found in other sea anemones, and has been related to high longevity and mixed reproductive modes. Genetic variation in K. commensalis was in the higher range of that found in other eukaryotes, and is not unusual for anemones. Received: 5 August 1996 / Accepted: 11 December 1996     

Net productivity of two cohorts of Chordaria flagelliformis (Phaeophyta) in Nova Scotia,Canada

Productivities of two cohorts of Chordaria flagelliformis (O. F. Müll.) C. Ag. were estimated from measured changes in biomass and survivorship over time. Maximum productivity during the summer growing season was 2.6 g C m^-2 d^-1. Although this figure is relatively high, the short growing season results in an annual production of only 89 g C m^-2. The significance of primary production by C. flagelliformis lies in its seasonal timing. During the summer growth period, 50% of production was recycled directly by detrital material. During the same time period, productivity and biomass losses of other seaweeds are at their lowest.     

Latitudinal variation in the Dungeness crab,Cancer magister: zoeal morphology explained by incubation temperature

The difference in morphology between zoeae of Cancer magister Dana from Alaskan and Californian waters was documented to determine if the morphological variation is attributable to environmental influences. First-stage zoeae from Alaska have significantly longer carapace spines than zoeae from central California. The dorsal, rostral and lateral carapace spines were 14, 14 and 29% longer, respectively, in the Alaskan zoeae. The effect of temperature was tested on zoeal morphology as it is an obvious environmental difference between Alaskan and Californian waters. Ovigerous female crabs collected in southeastern Alaska in 1984 were held at 1°, 5°, 10° and 15° C until hatching occurred. Eggs were sampled seven times during the incubation period, and relative mortality, egg diameter and development stage were measured. All of the crabs and eggs at 1° C died before hatching occurred. Egg mortality averaged less than 2% in the other temperature treatments. Egg diameter increased significantly over the incubation period for all temperatures. Developmental rate of the embryos was inversely related to temperature. Hatching first occurred in 42 d at 15° C, 60 at 10° C and 160 d at 5° C. Newly hatched zoeae were collected and body length, dorsal, rostral and lateral carapace spines were measured. Significant differences existed between all temperatures for all spine lengths, with longer spines occurring at lower temperatures. Zoeal body lengths were also significantly different between the three temperatures. The results of this study question the use of spine lengths to distinguish similar larval species.