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591.
Charles A. Young Marisa I. Escobar‐Arias Martha Fernandes Brian Joyce Michael Kiparsky Jeffrey F. Mount Vishal K. Mehta David Purkey Joshua H. Viers David Yates 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(6):1409-1423
Young, Charles A., Marisa I. Escobar‐Arias, Martha Fernandes, Brian Joyce, Michael Kiparsky, Jeffrey F. Mount, Vishal K. Mehta, David Purkey, Joshua H. Viers, and David Yates, 2009. Modeling the Hydrology of Climate Change in California’s Sierra Nevada for Subwatershed Scale Adaptation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1409‐1423. Abstract: The rainfall‐runoff model presented in this study represents the hydrology of 15 major watersheds of the Sierra Nevada in California as the backbone of a planning tool for water resources analysis including climate change studies. Our model implementation documents potential changes in hydrologic metrics such as snowpack and the initiation of snowmelt at a finer resolution than previous studies, in accordance with the needs of watershed‐level planning decisions. Calibration was performed with a sequence of steps focusing sequentially on parameters of land cover, snow accumulation and melt, and water capacity and hydraulic conductivity of soil horizons. An assessment of the calibrated streamflows using goodness of fit statistics indicate that the model robustly represents major features of weekly average flows of the historical 1980‐2001 time series. Runs of the model for climate warming scenarios with fixed increases of 2°C, 4°C, and 6°C for the spatial domain were used to analyze changes in snow accumulation and runoff timing. The results indicated a reduction in snowmelt volume that was largest in the 1,750‐2,750 m elevation range. In addition, the runoff center of mass shifted to earlier dates and this shift was non‐uniformly distributed throughout the Sierra Nevada. Because the hydrologic model presented here is nested within a water resources planning system, future research can focus on the management and adaptation of the water resources system in the context of climate change. 相似文献
592.
Franck L. B. Meijboom Nina Cohen Elsbeth N. Stassen Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):559-571
European animal disease policy seems to find its justification in a “harm to other” principle. Limiting the freedom of animal
keepers—e.g., by culling their animals—is justified by the aim to prevent harm, i.e., the spreading of the disease. The picture,
however, is more complicated. Both during the control of outbreaks and in the prevention of notifiable, animal diseases the
government is confronted with conflicting claims of stakeholders who anticipate running a risk to be harmed by each other, and who ask for government intervention. In this paper, we first argue that in a policy that
aims to prevent animal diseases, the focus shifts from limiting “harm” to weighing conflicting claims with respect to “risks
of harm.” Therefore, we claim that the harm principle is no longer a sufficient justification for governmental intervention
in animal disease prevention. A policy that has to deal with and distribute conflicting risks of harm needs additional value
assumptions that guide this process of assessment and distribution. We show that currently, policies are based on assumptions
that are mainly economic considerations. In order to show the limitations of these considerations, we use the interests and
position of keepers of backyard animals as an example. Based on the problems they faced during and after the recent outbreaks,
we defend the thesis that in order to develop a sustainable animal disease policy other than economic assumptions need to
be taken into account. 相似文献
593.
Nina E. Cohen Frans W. A. Brom Elsbeth N. Stassen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(4):341-359
In this paper, we present and defend the theoretical framework of an empirical model to describe people’s fundamental moral
attitudes (FMAs) to animals, the stratification of FMAs in society and the role of FMAs in judgment on the culling of healthy
animals in an animal disease epidemic. We used philosophical animal ethics theories to understand the moral basis of FMA convictions.
Moreover, these theories provide us with a moral language for communication between animal ethics, FMAs, and public debates.
We defend that FMA is a two-layered concept. The first layer consists of deeply felt convictions about animals. The second
layer consists of convictions derived from the first layer to serve as arguments in a debate on animal issues. In a debate,
the latter convictions are variable, depending on the animal issue in a specific context, time, and place. This variability
facilitates finding common ground in an animal issue between actors with opposing convictions. 相似文献
594.
Kristin Floress Jean C. Mangun Mae A. Davenport Karl W.J. Williard 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(6):1352-1360
Floress, Kristin, Jean C. Mangun, Mae A. Davenport, and Karl W.J. Williard, 2009. Constraints to Watershed Planning: Group Structure and Process. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1352‐1360. Abstract: The roles that agencies and other partners play in collaborative watershed management are not always clearly identified. Key factors contributing to group‐level outcomes in watershed groups include both structural and procedural elements. Structural elements include membership systems, project partners, and funding, while procedural elements include leadership, shared vision, and mission development. The current research reports on a case study conducted with a Midwestern watershed group that received Clean Water Act Section 319 funds to undertake a watershed planning process. Data come from focus groups, interviews, public comments, and meeting observation, and were analyzed using grounded theory. Findings of this study indicate that homogenous skill set, discord over group and partner roles, and failed problem identification contributed to the organizational inertia experienced by the watershed group. Implications of this research for groups receiving 319 funds are provided. 相似文献
595.
Qing Zhou Christine W. Chan Paitoon Tontiwachiwuthikul Raphael Idem Don Gelowitz 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(5):535-544
Post combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is one of the most commonly adopted technologies for reducing industrial CO2 emissions, which is now an important goal given the widespread concern over global warming. Research on amine-based CO2 capture has mainly focused on improving effectiveness and efficiency of the CO2 capture process. Our research work focuses on studying the relationships among the significant parameters influencing CO2 production because an enhanced understanding of the intricate relationships among the parameters involved in the process is critical for improving efficiency of the CO2 capture process. This paper presents a statistical study that explores the relationships among parameters involved in the amine-based post combustion CO2 capture process at the International Centre for CO2 Capture (ITC) located in Regina, Saskatchewan of Canada. A multiple regression technique has been applied for analysis of data collected at the CO2 capture pilot plant at ITC. The parameters have been carefully selected to avoid issues of multicollinearity, and four mathematical models among the key parameters identified have been developed. The models have been tested, and accuracy of the models is found to be satisfactory. The models developed in this study describe part of the CO2 capture process and can help to predict performance of the CO2 capture process at ITC under different conditions. Some results from a preliminary validation process will also be presented. 相似文献
596.
Kristen Kruger Woods Gordon W. Selling Peter H. Cooke 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(2):115-122
Blends of zein and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were compared based on their tensile properties, thermal properties and morphology.
Zein was blended with polyvinylpyrrolidone of varying molecular weights (10, 55, and 1,300 kDa) and films were cast from ethanol
solutions. Films cast using the higher molecular weight polymers showed an improvement in tensile strength, up to a 24% increase,
compared to control. Differential scanning calorimetry data for the blends showed single Tm and Tg values of an intermediate value between those of zein and PVP control samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy
images show no obvious inhomogeneities, and confocal fluorescence microscopy showed no decreased uniformity in the PVP/zein
films compared to control. Electrospun fibers of the zein/PVP blends were also obtained. These findings suggest that zein
and polyvinylpyrrolidone combine to form a compatible blend, the first such blend of zein with a synthetic polymer. 相似文献
597.
A value of statistical life (VSL) is used in cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a monetary measure of the benefits to people from small risk reductions that arise from safety projects. Despite its widespread use in a number of countries, the concept of a VSL remains controversial, not least because it implies acceptance of the underlying ethical assumptions of CBA together with the idea that ‘social welfare’ can be measured and aggregated in some manner. In addition, to comply with theory, variable VSLs for different groups within society would be advocated. However, without fail, empirically, it is the case that those countries that employ a willingness to pay based approach to cost-benefit analysis of a safety project appraisal tend to use a single value for that accident context that is independent of the per capita income level, or indeed other personal characteristics, of the sub-group in society to which the safety improvement will actually apply. This article presents a straightforward, but theoretically justified adaptation to the calculation of a VSL which allows empirical practice by policymakers i.e. the application of a “common” VSL for any particular hazard within a given society, to be compatible with a CBA decision making approach. 相似文献
598.
Eric E. Jorgensen Timothy J. Canfield Frederick W. Kutz 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,63(1):199-210
Riparian buffer restorations are used as management tools to produce favorable water quality impacts, moreover among the many benefits riparian buffers may provide, their application as instruments for water quality restoration rests on a relatively firm foundation of research. However, the extent to which buffers can restore riparian ecosystems; their functionality and species composition, are essentially unknown. In light of the foregoing, two broad areas of research are indicated. First, data are needed to document the relative effectiveness of riparian buffers that differ according to width, length, and plant species composition. These questions, of managing buffer dimension and species composition for functionality, are of central importance even when attenuation of nutrient and sediment loads alone are considered. Second, where ecosystem restoration is the goal, effects to in-stream and terrestrial riparian biota need to be considered. Relatedly, the effects of the restoration on the landscape need to be considered. Particularly, at what rate do the effects of the riparian buffer on in-stream water quality, biota, and habitat diminish downstream from restored sites? Answers to these important questions are needed, for streams and watersheds of different size and for areas of differing soil type within watersheds. U.S. EPA-NRMRL has initiated as research project that will document the potential for buffers to restore riparian ecosystems; focusing on water quality effects, but also, importantly, documenting effects on biota. While substantial riparian buffer management initiatives are already underway, the extent of landscapes that influence riparian ecosystems in the eastern United States is large; leaving ample opportunity for this suggested research to provide improved buffer designs in the future. The ultimate goal of research projects developed under this paradigm of ecosystem restoration is to develop data that are needed to implement riparian buffer restorations in the mid-Atlantic and elsewhere, especially the eastern United States. 相似文献
599.
Ali-Khodja H Belaala A Demmane-Debbih W Habbas B Boumagoura N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):219-231
Total suspended particulate matter and deposition fluxes of particles were investigated in the town of Didouche Mourad which
is located 13 km north of Constantine. Samples of air particulate matter were collected at one site located in the heart of
the town and situated 3 km north of a cement plant. Samples were collected from 2 November 2002 to 28 April 2003 every 3 days
using a high volume air sampler. Sampling intervals were 24 h in all cases. During the same period, samples of dust fallout
were collected at the same site. Samples were collected at 30-day intervals. Lead, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt
and cadmium deposition fluxes were measured and both the soluble and insoluble fractions were determined. Furthermore, the
information gathered by this study was correlated with the corresponding hourly weather data provided by a weather station
installed at the study station. The possible sources for dust and trace metals were analyzed by comparing average contributions
of wind aspects to the concentrations and depositions of mass and chemical species with the average frequencies of wind direction.
The mean concentration was 300 μg/m3. The average dust deposition rate through the period of study was 221 mg/(m2.day). Results indicate that anthropogenic sources contribute greatly to trace elements. An exposure assessment to the heavy
metals taking into account the inhalation route and soil dust ingestion was carried out and allowed direct comparison of trace
metal intakes via these routes. 相似文献
600.
The long-term water quality monitoring program implemented by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority in 1992 is extensive
and has provide substantial understanding of the seasonality of the waters in both Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay and
the response to improvements in effluent quality and offshore transfer of the effluent in September 2000. The monitoring program
was designed with limited knowledge of spatial and temporal variability and long-term trends within the system. This led to
an extensive spatial and temporal sampling program. The data through 2003 showed high correlation within physical parameters
measured (e.g., salinity, dissolved oxygen) and in biological measures such as chlorophyll fluorescence. To address the potential
sampling redundancies in the measurement program, an assessment of the impact of reduced levels of monitoring on the ability
to make water quality decisions was completed. The optimization was conducted by applying statistical models that took into
account whether there was evidence of a seasonal pattern in the data. The optimization used model survey average readings
to identify temporal fixed effects, model survey-average-corrected individual station readings to identify spatial fixed effects,
corrected the individual station readings for temporal and spatial fixed effects and derived a correlation model for the corrected
data, and applied the correlation model to characterize the correlation of annual average readings from reduced monitoring
programs with true parameter levels. Reductions in the number of sampling stations were found less detrimental to the quality
of the data for annual decision-making than reductions in the number of surveys per year, although there is less of a difference
in this regard for dissolved oxygen than there is for chlorophyll. The analysis led to recommendations for a substantially
lower monitoring effort with minimal loss of information. The recommendation supported an annual budget savings of approximately
$183,000. Most of the savings was from fewer surveys as approximately $21,000 came from the reduction in the number of stations
monitored from 21 to 7 and associated laboratory analytical costs. 相似文献