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61.
62.
Richard T. Carson Maria Damon Leigh T. Johnson Jamie A. Gonzalez 《Journal of environmental management》2009
In marine areas throughout the world where recreational boats are densely located, concentrations of copper in the water are being found to be in excess of government standards, due to the hull coatings used on these boats. Copper-based hull coatings are intended to be antifouling in that they retard the growth of algae, barnacles and tubeworms; but alternatives exist that can eliminate the harm that copper contamination does to marine organisms. A variety of policy options are available to mandate or provide economic incentives to switch to these less harmful alternatives. This paper puts forth a conceptual framework for thinking about how to design and evaluate alternative policies to transition to nontoxic boat hulls, drawing from the authors' experience designing a policy for use in San Diego Bay. Many of the issues raised are broadly applicable to environmental problems where the solution involves a large-scale replacement of durable consumer goods. 相似文献
63.
Benjamin M. Jones Christopher D. Arp Kenneth M. Hinkel Richard A. Beck Joel A. Schmutz Barry Winston 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1071-1084
Lakes are dominant landforms in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) as well as important social and ecological resources.
Of recent importance is the management of these freshwater ecosystems because lakes deeper than maximum ice thickness provide
an important and often sole source of liquid water for aquatic biota, villages, and industry during winter. To better understand
seasonal and annual hydrodynamics in the context of lake morphometry, we analyzed lakes in two adjacent areas where winter
water use is expected to increase in the near future because of industrial expansion. Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced
Thematic Mapper Plus imagery acquired between 1985 and 2007 were analyzed and compared with climate data to understand interannual
variability. Measured changes in lake area extent varied by 0.6% and were significantly correlated to total precipitation
in the preceding 12 months (p < 0.05). Using this relation, the modeled lake area extent from 1985 to 2007 showed no long-term trends. In addition, high-resolution
aerial photography, bathymetric surveys, water-level monitoring, and lake-ice thickness measurements and growth models were
used to better understand seasonal hydrodynamics, surface area-to-volume relations, winter water availability, and more permanent
changes related to geomorphic change. Together, these results describe how lakes vary seasonally and annually in two critical
areas of the NPRA and provide simple models to help better predict variation in lake-water supply. Our findings suggest that
both overestimation and underestimation of actual available winter water volume may occur regularly, and this understanding
may help better inform management strategies as future resource use expands in the NPRA. 相似文献
64.
Richard Bindler Ingemar Renberg Thomas Andrén 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(7):2132-2141
Metal pollution is viewed as a modern problem that began in the 19th century and accelerated through the 20th century; however, in many parts of the globe this view is wrong. Here, we studied past waterborne metal pollution in lake sediments from the Bergslagen region in central Sweden, one of many historically important mining regions in Europe. With a focus on lead (including isotopes), we trace mining impacts from a local scale, through a 120-km-long river system draining into Mälaren - Sweden's third largest lake, and finally also the Baltic Sea. Comparison of sediment and peat records shows that pollution from Swedish mining was largely waterborne and that atmospheric deposition was dominated by long-range transport from other regions. Swedish ore lead is detectable from the 10th century, but the greatest impact occurred during the 16th-18th centuries with improvements occurring over recent centuries, i.e., historical pollution > modern industrial pollution. 相似文献
65.
Hobbs R 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(9):2857-2865
In the latter half of the 20th century, native pine woodlands in Scotland were restricted to small remnant areas within which there was little regeneration. These woodlands are important from a conservation perspective and are habitat for numerous species of conservation concern. Recent developments have seen a large increase in interest in woodland restoration and a dramatic increase in regeneration and woodland spread. The proximate factor enabling this regeneration is a reduction in grazing pressure from sheep and, particularly, deer. However, this has only been possible as a result of a complex interplay between ecological, political and socio-economic factors. We are currently seeing the decline of land management practices instituted 150-200 years ago, changes in land ownership patterns, cultural revival, and changes in societal perceptions of the Scottish landscape. These all feed into the current move to return large areas of the Scottish Highlands to tree cover. I emphasize the need to consider restoration in a multidisciplinary framework which accounts not just for the ecology involved but also the historical and cultural context. 相似文献
66.
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68.
Richard P. Haynes 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):503-504
69.
David Browne Bernadette ORegan Richard Moles 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(10):2765-2771
This paper aims to measure product and waste flows in an Irish city-region using the principles of metabolism and mass balance. An empirical indicator to measure resource efficiency, using a ratio of waste disposal as a function of product consumption, was developed and it was found that total materials metabolic inefficiency fell by 31% from 0.13 in 1996 to 0.09 in 2002. The paper concludes by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of this indicator and its potential application in the field of sustainable consumption and resource efficiency as well as making suggestions to improve and strengthen the indicator. 相似文献
70.
Richard Roth Paul R. Marques Robert B. VoasAuthor vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(6):437-441