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101.
Robert A Richardson Joseph Havlicek 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1978,5(1):103-111
An analysis of economic and social factors affecting the quantity and composition of household solid wastes is reported in this paper. The weekly per capita and per household quantities of eleven selected household solid waste components are analyzed using regression equations. Household income, household size, and the age structure of the population are the major variables affecting the quantities of these components. The results indicate that if all glass, metals, plastics, newspaper, other paper, and textiles were recovered, then about 53% by weight of the summer household solid waste load would be usable resources. 相似文献
102.
The Brisbane River serves multiple functions in both its upper catchment and its lower reaches. The lower reaches are highly urbanized where the river flows through Australia's third largest city, and here the river sustains transport activities, waste water disposal, a port, and both motorized recreation and active and passive non-motorized recreation. In the city the river also serves as a locality for community events, as a cultural icon and as a residential neighbour. Many of these functions are spatially and temporally congruent and, amongst other issues, this congruency has the potential to generate significant levels of noise conflict. This paper describes the approach adopted to assess the nature and extent of noise conflicts and to develop a comprehensive strategy of noise management-allas part of a larger scheme for an integrated approach to manage the Brisbane River and its catchment. Noise management strategies recommended for implementation include noise zoning of the river, planning and approval processes for land-based waterway facilities, noise planning and approval processes for residential and other noise-sensitive uses, codes of practice for rowing and similar activities, as well as the more conventional approach of regulatory limits on river-based noise sources. The paper demonstrates that a wide range of strategies are necessary to handle complex pollution problems of this sort, and provides a model of comprehensive action for management of noise from river-related activities that may find application elsewhere. 相似文献
103.
Interactions between environment, species traits, and human uses describe patterns of plant invasions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Although invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity, human health, and economy, our understanding of the factors controlling their distribution and abundance is limited. Here, we determine how environmental factors, land use, life-history traits of the invaders, residence time, origin, and human usage interact to shape the spatial pattern of invasive alien plant species in South Africa. Relationships between the environmental factors and the extrinsic and intrinsic attributes of species were investigated using RLQ analysis, a multivariate method for relating a species-attribute table to an environmental table by way of a species presence/absence table. We then clustered species according to their position on the RLQ axes, and tested these groups for phylogenetic independence. The first three axes of the RLQ explained 99% of the variation and were strongly related to the species attributes. The clustering showed that, after accounting for environmental factors, the spatial pattern of IAS in South Africa was driven by human uses, life forms, and reproductive traits. The seven clusters of species strongly reflected geographical distribution, but also intrinsic species attributes and patterns of human use. Two of the clusters, centered on the genera Acacia and Opuntia, were phylogenetically non-independent. The remaining clusters comprised species of diverse taxonomic affinities, but sharing traits facilitating invasion in particular habitats. This information is useful for assessing the extent to which the potential spread of recent introductions can be predicted by considering the interaction of their biological attributes, region of origin, and human use. 相似文献
104.
Elizabeth?L.?Franklin Thomas?O.?Richardson Ana?B.?Sendova-Franks Elva?J.?H.?Robinson Nigel?R.?FranksEmail author 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):569-579
During tandem runs, one ant worker recruits another to an important resource. Here, we begin to investigate how dependent
are tandem leaders and followers on visual cues by painting over their compound eyes to impair their vision. There are two
ways in which Temnothorax albipennis might use vision during tandem running. First, the follower might track the movements of the leader by keeping it in sight.
Our results suggest that the ants do not use vision in this way. For example, in all four classes of tandem run (those with
either leader or follower, both, or neither of their participants with visual impairments) progress was most smooth at about
3 mm/s. This suggests that communication between leaders and followers during tandem runs is not based on vision and is purely
tactile and pheromonal. Second, the leader and the follower might be using vision to navigate and our results support this
possibility but also suggest that these ants have other methods of navigation. Ants with visual impairments were more likely
to follow than to lead, but could occupy either role, even though they had many fully sighted nestmates. This might help to
explain why the ants did not focus grooming on their most visually impaired nestmates. Wild-type tandem runs, with both participants
fully sighted and presumably taking time to learn landmarks, were overall significantly slower, smoother, and a little less
tortuous, than the other treatments. All four classes of tandem run significantly increased mean instantaneous speeds and
mean absolute changes in instantaneous acceleration over their journeys. Moreover, tandems with sighted followers increased
their speed with time more than the other treatments. In general, our findings suggest that eyesight is used for navigation
during tandem running but that these ants also probably use other orientation systems during such recruitment and to learn
how to get to new nest sites. Our results suggest that the ants’ methods of teaching and learning are very robust and flexible. 相似文献
105.
Matthew A. Bloodgoo Sridevi Anduri Chowdary Eric J. Daiber Honglan Shi Caroline O. Granger Susan D. Richardson 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(7):315-325
Many drinking water treatment plants in the U.S. have switched from chlorination to chloramination to lower levels of regulated trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water and meet the current regulations. However, chloramination can also produce other highly toxic/carcinogenic, unregulated DBPs: iodo-acids, iodo-THMs, and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In practice, chloramines are generated by the addition of chlorine with ammonia, and plants use varying amounts of free chlorine contact time prior to ammonia addition to effectively kill pathogens and meet DBP regulations. However, iodo-DBPs and nitrosamines are generally not considered in this balancing of free chlorine contact time. The goal of our work was to determine whether an optimal free chlorine contact time could be established in which iodo-DBPs and NDMA could be minimized, while keeping regulated THMs and HAAs below their regulatory limits. The effect of free chlorine contact time was evaluated for the formation of six iodo-trihalomethanes (iodo-THMs), six iodo-acids, and NDMA during the chloramination of drinking water. Ten different free chlorine contact times were examined for two source waters with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bromide/iodide. For the low DOC water at pH 7 and 8, an optimized free chlorine contact time of up to 1 h could control regulated THMs and HAAs, as well as iodo-DBPs and NDMA. For the high DOC water, a free chlorine contact time of 5 min could control iodo-DBPs and NDMA at both pHs, but the regulated DBPs could exceed the regulations at pH 7. 相似文献
106.
This paper presents some guidelines for risk assessment inwetlands. Ecosystem analysis, i.e., understanding how wetlandsfunction on the landscape, should be at the heart of theprocess. Another key point is to identify human values thatderive from these wetland functions. Knowing the relationshipbetween functions and values will greatly improve the problemidentification phase and aid in the selection of appropriatetest methods and evaluation endpoints. The result will be moreaccurate risk identification and more effective riskmanagement. Risk characterization in wetlands should involve atwo-step process: (1) utilize a wholistic, ecosystem approachto develop a detailed understanding of how the systemfunctions, and (2) overlay this knowledge base with threetiers of testing, as appropriate; exposure assessment,biological assessment, and ecological assessment. Although thismethodology may seem too complex for routine application,integrating ecosystem analysis may actually reduce the overalltime and cost by identifying key biological, chemical, andphysical parameters that must be evaluated early on in theassessment process. 相似文献
107.
Nigel H. Richardson M.C.I.P. 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1998,49(2-3):191-193
Responsibilities for the management of Canada's land (in the sense, approximately, of biophysical environment) are currently fragmented among a multitude of government agencies, a state of affairs that will at best seriously hamper an adequate response to the profound long-term consequences of atmospheric change. The solution must be a coordinated division of labour within a dual framework of common policies and ecologically-based geographic units. On a small scale, a number of models are already functioning in Canada. 相似文献
108.
109.
Seasonal changes in catch rate, growth and mortality of Nassarius reticulatus from an intertidal lagoon and a wave-exposed beach at Rhosneigr (Anglesey, North Wales, UK) are described. The number of N. reticulatus caught in baited traps from the lagoon was significantly higher (>125 individuals trap−1) during the summer (>18°C), than at <12°C (<65 individuals trap−1), and the numbers caught in the lagoon were an order of magnitude greater than on the beach, >13 individuals trap−1 in July (>16°C), and <5 individuals trap−1 between December and April (<9.5°C). Predictions of shell growth attained by N. reticulatus annually in the lagoon using graphical modal progression analysis (MPA) of length frequency data, were similar to the growth
of marked and recaptured lagoon N. reticulatus. Predictions of shell growth using computerised length frequency distribution analysis (LFDA), however, did not reflect the
growth as accurately as MPA. Modal progression analysis demonstrated that N. reticulatus from the lagoon achieved a higher asymptotic maximum shell length (L
∞) and a lower growth constant (K) than animals from the beach. Shell growth was seasonal with growth of the lagoon individuals slowing down towards the end
of September and resuming in early April, about a month later than the beach individuals. Mortality of N. reticulatus was greater during the summer, and survival was lower in the lagoon than on the beach. Recruitment patterns were similar in
the lagoon and on the beach, and MPA and LFDA predicted that larval N. reticulatus settled between late summer and early autumn, with juveniles (7–8.9 mm) appearing in the population the following year, between
February and April. Growth of male and female N. reticulatus in the laboratory was similar and was temperature and size dependent. The different growth patterns between N. reticulatus from the two habitats, predicted using MPA, were maintained when individuals were reared under laboratory conditions for ∼6 months;
N. reticulatus <21 mm from the beach grew faster than individuals from the lagoon, although N. reticulatus >21 mm from the lagoon grew faster and attained a larger length (26 mm) than individuals from the beach (24 mm). Low food
availability did not affect N. reticulatus survival in the laboratory but significantly suppressed shell growth. 相似文献
110.
Wong Saw Bin Stanley Richardson 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(3):345-356
The study aimed to conduct an ergonomic intervention on a conventional line (CL) in a semiconductor factory in Malaysia, an industrially developing country (IDC), to improve workers’ occupational health and safety (OHS). Low-cost and simple (LCS) ergonomics methods were used (suitable for IDCs), e.g., subjective assessment, direct observation, use of archival data and assessment of noise. It was found that workers were facing noise irritation, neck and back pains and headache in the various processes in the CL. LCS ergonomic interventions to rectify the problems included installing noise insulating covers, providing earplugs, installing elevated platforms, slanting visual display terminals and installing extra exhaust fans. The interventions cost less than 3 000 USD but they significantly improved workers’ OHS, which directly correlated with an improvement in working conditions and job satisfaction. The findings are useful in solving OHS problems in electronics industries in IDCs as they share similar manufacturing processes, problems and limitations. 相似文献