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511.
Harry M. Freeman Robert A. Olexsey 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(1):67-75
The 1984 Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), called the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, (HSWA) direct the EPA to determine if dioxin bearing wastes should be prohibited from landfills. This determination is to made by November 1986. Barring a determination by the Agency that the land disposal of dioxin wastes does not represent a threat to the environment, ot that appropriate alternative treatment technology is not available, a land disposal prohibition would go into effect at that time.1 The purpose of this paper is to discuss the state of the art for several treatment processes for dioxin wastes that have been proposed to be used instead of land disposal for disposing of solid and liquid wastes containing dioxins. 相似文献
512.
Human impacts on fire occurrence: a case study of hundred years of forest fires in a dry alpine valley in Switzerland 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Thomas Zumbrunnen Patricia Menéndez Harald Bugmann Marco Conedera Urs Gimmi Matthias Bürgi 《Regional Environmental Change》2012,12(4):935-949
Forest fire regimes are sensitive to alterations of climate, fuel load, and ignition sources. We investigated the impact of human activities and climate on fire occurrence in a dry continental valley of the Swiss Alps (Valais) by relating fire occurrence to population and road density, biomass removal by livestock grazing and wood harvest, temperature and precipitation in two distinct periods (1904–1955 and 1956–2006) using generalized additive modeling. This study provides evidence for the role played by humans and temperature in shaping fire occurrence. The existence of ignition sources promotes fire occurrence to a certain extent only; for example, high road density tends to be related to fewer fires. Changes in forest uses within the study region seem to be particularly important. Fire occurrence appears to have been negatively associated with livestock pasturing in the forest and wood harvesting, in particular during the period 1904–1955. This study illustrates consistently how fire occurrence has been influenced by land use and socioeconomic conditions. It also suggests that there is no straightforward linear relationship between human factors and fire occurrence. 相似文献
513.
Robert L. Heath Allen S. Lefohn Robert C. Musselman 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(18):2919-2928
Ozone interacts with plant tissue through distinct temporal processes. Sequentially, plants are exposed to ambient O3 that (1) moves through the leaf boundary layer, (2) is taken up into plant tissue primarily through stomata, and (3) undergoes chemical interaction within plant tissue, first by initiating alterations and then as part of plant detoxification and repair. In this paper, we discuss the linkage of the temporal variability of apoplastic ascorbate with the diurnal variability of defense mechanisms in plants and compare this variability with daily maximum O3 concentration and diurnal uptake and entry of O3 into the plant through stomata. We describe the quantitative evidence on temporal variability in concentration and uptake and find that the time incidence for maximum defense does not necessarily match diurnal patterns for maximum O3 concentration or maximum uptake. We suggest that the observed out-of-phase association of the diurnal patterns for the above three processes produces a nonlinear relationship that results in a greater response from the higher hourly average O3 concentrations than from the lower or mid-level values. The fact that these out-of-phase processes affect the relationship between O3 exposure/dose and vegetation effects ultimately impact the ability of flux-based indices to predict vegetation effects accurately for purposes of standard setting and critical levels. Based on the quantitative aspect of temporal variability identified in this paper, we suggest that the inclusion of a diurnal pattern for detoxification in effective flux-based models would improve the predictive characteristics of the models. While much of the current information has been obtained using high O3 exposures, future research results derived from laboratory biochemical experiments that use short but elevated O3 exposures should be combined with experimental results that use ambient-type exposures over longer periods of time. It is anticipated that improved understanding will come from future research focused on diurnal variability in plant defense mechanisms and their relationship to the diurnal variability in ambient O3 concentration and stomatal conductance. This should result in more reliable O3 exposure standards and critical levels. 相似文献
514.
Bernhard Wimmer Marlies Hrad Marion Huber-Humer Andrea Watzinger Stefan Wyhlidal Thomas G. Reichenauer 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(10):2083-2090
Stable isotopic signatures of landfill leachates are influenced by processes within municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills mainly depending on the aerobic/anaerobic phase of the landfill. We investigated the isotopic signatures of δ13C, δ2H and δ18O of different leachates from lab-scale experiments, lysimeter experiments and a landfill under in situ aeration. In the laboratory, columns filled with MSW of different age and reactivity were percolated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In landfill simulation reactors, waste of a 25 year old landfill was kept under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The lysimeter facility was filled with mechanically shredded fresh waste. After starting of the methane production the waste in the lysimeter containments was aerated in situ. Leachate and gas composition were monitored continuously. In addition the seepage water of an old landfill was collected and analysed periodically before and during an in situ aeration.We found significant differences in the δ13C-value of the dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) of the leachate between aerobic and anaerobic waste material. During aerobic degradation, the signature of δ13C-DIC was mainly dependent on the isotopic composition of the organic matter in the waste, resulting in a δ13C-DIC of ?20‰ to ?25‰. The production of methane under anaerobic conditions caused an increase in δ13C-DIC up to values of +10‰ and higher depending on the actual reactivity of the MSW. During aeration of a landfill the aerobic degradation of the remaining organic matter caused a decrease to a δ13C-DIC of about ?20‰. Therefore carbon isotope analysis in leachates and groundwater can be used for tracing the oxidation–reduction status of MSW landfills.Our results indicate that monitoring of stable isotopic signatures of landfill leachates over a longer time period (e.g. during in situ aeration) is a powerful and cost-effective tool for characterising the biodegradability and stability of the organic matter in landfilled municipal solid waste and can be used for monitoring the progress of in situ aeration. 相似文献
515.
Leena Hamberg Minna Malmivaara-Lämsä Susanna Lehvävirta Robert B. O’Hara D. Johan Kotze 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(9):1811-1820
We investigated the effects of human trampling on boreal forest understory vegetation on, and off paths from suburban forest edges towards the interiors and on the likelihood of trampling-aided dispersal into the forests for three years by carrying out a trampling experiment. We showed that the vegetation was highly sensitive to trampling. Even low levels of trampling considerably decreased covers of the most abundant species on the paths. Cover decreased between 10 and 30% on paths which had been trampled 35 times, and at least by 50% on those trampled 70–270 times. On-path vegetation cover decreased similarly at forest edges and in the interiors. However, some open habitat plant species that occurred outside the forest patches and at forest edges dispersed into the forests, possibly through the action of trampling. A higher cover percentage of an open habitat species at the forest edge line increased its probability to disperse into the forest interior. The vegetation community on, next to, and away from lightly trampled paths remained the same throughout the trampling experiment. For heavily trampled paths, the community changed drastically on the paths, but stayed relatively similar next to and away from the paths. As boreal vegetation is highly sensitive to the effects of trampling, overall ease of access throughout the forest floor should be restricted to avoid the excessive creation of spontaneous paths. To minimize the effects of trampling, recreational use could be guided to the maintained path network in heavily used areas. 相似文献
516.
Robert Perman Lester Goldner 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):472-475
Under the first Federal Air Pollution Act of 1955, which assigned the responsibility for developing a national program to the Public Health Service, a significant phase of the program involved other federal agencies through a series of contractual relationships. These interdepartmental relationships were limited however, to the objective of capitalizing on the diverse research facilities and specialized competencies within the federal establishment, as a means of accelerating the research and technical assistance program authorized under the act. With the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1963, a major new emphasis has been added to the federal air pollution control program—application of technical knowledge, through broadly accelerated control programs. This emphasis is reflected in current trends in the nature and type of the Public Health Service’s developing relationships with other federal agencies. The emerging PHS programs to prevent and control air pollution from federal facilities, the PHS role in preventing pollution arising from transportation systems aided under the new Urban Mass Transportation Act, and other developing interagency relationships and problem areas are discussed in this context. 相似文献
517.
Disturbance regimes,resilience, and recovery of animal communities and habitats in lotic ecosystems 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Disturbance regime is a critical organizing feature of stream communities and ecosystems. The position of a given reach in
the river basin and the sediment type within that reach are two key determinants of the frequency and intensity of flow-induced
disturbances. We distinguish between predictable and unpredictable events and suggest that predictable discharge events are
not disturbances.
We relate the dynamics of recovery from disturbance (i.e., resilience) to disturbance regime (i.e., the disturbance history
of the site). The most frequently and predictably disturbed sites can be expected to demonstrate the highest resilience.
Spatial scale is an important dimension of community structure, dynamics, and recovery from disturbance. We compare the effects
on small patches (⩽1 m2) to the effects of large reaches at the river basin level. At small scales, sediment movements and scour are major factors
affecting the distribution of populations of aquatic insects or algae. At larger scales, we must deal with channel formation,
bank erosion, and interactions with the riparian zone that will affect all taxa and processes.
Our understanding of stream ecosystem recovery rests on our grasp of the historical, spatial, and temporal background of contemporary
disturbance events. 相似文献
518.
Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Carolyn T. Hunsaker Robin L. Graham Glenn W. Suter II Robert V. O'Neill Lawrence W. Barnthouse Robert H. Gardner 《Environmental management》1990,14(3):325-332
Society needs a quantitative and systematic way to estimate and compare the impacts of environmental problems that affect
large geographic areas. This paper presents an approach for regional risk assessment that combines regional assessment methods
and landscape ecology theory with an existing framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk assessment evaluates the effects
of an environmental change on a valued natural resource and interprets the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties
identified in each component of the assessment process. Unique and important issues for regional risk assessment are emphasized;
these include the definition of the disturbance scenario, the assessment boundary definition, and the spatial heterogeneity
of the landscape.
Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) through Interagency Agreement Number DW89932112-01-2 to the U.S. Department of Energy, it has not been subjected
to EPA review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of EPA and no official endorsement should be inferred. 相似文献
519.
Robert D. Jarrett 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(3):419-429
ABSTRACT: Although our current (1990) knowledge of hydrologic and hydraulic processes is based on many years of study, there are river environments where these processes are complex and poorly understood. One of these environments is in mountainous areas, which cover about 25 percent of the United States. Use of conventional hydrologic and hydraulic techniques in mountain-river environments may produce erroneous results and interpretations in a wide spectrum of water-resources investigations. An ongoing U.S. Geological Survey research project is being conducted to improve the understanding of hydrologic and hydraulic processes of mountainous areas and to improve the results of subsequent hydrologic investigations. Future hydrologic and hydraulic research needs in mountainous areas are identified. 相似文献
520.