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排序方式: 共有584条查询结果,搜索用时 234 毫秒
31.
Richard T. Carson Maria Damon Leigh T. Johnson Jamie A. Gonzalez 《Journal of environmental management》2009
In marine areas throughout the world where recreational boats are densely located, concentrations of copper in the water are being found to be in excess of government standards, due to the hull coatings used on these boats. Copper-based hull coatings are intended to be antifouling in that they retard the growth of algae, barnacles and tubeworms; but alternatives exist that can eliminate the harm that copper contamination does to marine organisms. A variety of policy options are available to mandate or provide economic incentives to switch to these less harmful alternatives. This paper puts forth a conceptual framework for thinking about how to design and evaluate alternative policies to transition to nontoxic boat hulls, drawing from the authors' experience designing a policy for use in San Diego Bay. Many of the issues raised are broadly applicable to environmental problems where the solution involves a large-scale replacement of durable consumer goods. 相似文献
32.
A global assessment of chromium pollution using sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) as an indicator species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Pierce Wise Sr. Roger Payne Sandra S. Wise Carolyne LaCerte James Wise Christy Gianios Jr. W. Douglas Thompson Christopher Perkins Tongzhang Zheng Cairong Zhu Lucille Benedict Iain Kerr 《Chemosphere》2009,75(11):1461-1467
Chromium (Cr) is a well-known human carcinogen and a potential reproductive toxicant, but its contribution to ocean pollution is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to provide a global baseline for Cr as a marine pollutant using the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) as an indicator species. Biopsies were collected from free-ranging whales around the globe during the voyage of the research vessel The Odyssey. Total Cr levels were measured in 361 sperm whales collected from 16 regions around the globe detectable levels ranged from 0.9 to 122.6 μg Cr g tissue−1 with a global mean of 8.8 ± 0.9 μg g−1. Two whales had undetectable levels. The highest levels were found in sperm whales sampled in the waters near the Islands of Kiribati in the Pacific (mean = 44.3 ± 14.4) and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean (mean = 19.5 ± 5.4 μg g−1). The lowest mean levels were found in whales near the Canary Islands (mean = 3.7 ± 0.8 μg g−1) and off of the coast of Sri Lanka (mean = 3.3 ± 0.4 μg g−1). The global mean Cr level in whale skin was 28-times higher than mean Cr skin levels in humans without occupational exposure. The whale levels were more similar to levels only observed previously in human lung tissue from workers who died of Cr-induced lung cancer. We conclude that Cr pollution in the marine environment is significant and that further study is urgently needed. 相似文献
33.
Paulo Roger L. Alves Elke J.B.N. Cardoso Alexandre M. Martines José Paulo Sousa Amarildo Pasini 《Chemosphere》2013,90(11):2674-2682
Ecotoxicological laboratory tests (lower-tier tests) are fundamental tools for assessing the toxicity of pesticides to soil organisms. In this study, using these tests under tropical conditions, we quantified the impact of the insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil, and thiametoxam, and the fungicides captan and carboxin + thiram, all of which are used in the chemical treatment of crop seeds, on the survival, reproduction, and behavior of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). With the exception of imidacloprid, none of the pesticides tested caused mortality in E. andrei in artificial soils. The LC50 of imidacloprid was estimated as 25.53 mg active ingredient kg?1 of dry soil. Earthworm reproduction rates were reduced by imidacloprid (EC50 = 4.07 mg kg?1), fipronil (EC20 = 23.16 mg kg?1), carboxin + thiram (EC50 = 56.38 mg kg?1), captan (EC50 = 334.84 mg kg?1), and thiametoxam (EC50 = 791.99 mg kg?1). Avoidance behavior was observed in the presence of imidacloprid (AC50 = 0.11 mg kg?1), captan (AC50 = 33.54 mg kg?1), carboxin + thiram (AC50 = 60.32 mg kg?1), and thiametoxam (AC50 = >20 mg kg?1). Earthworms showed a preference for soils with the insecticide fipronil. Imidacloprid was the most toxic of the substances tested for E. andrei. The avoidance test was the most sensitive test for most pesticides studied, but results varied between pesticides. These results offer new insights on the toxicity of pesticides used to treat seeds in tropical regions. However, they should be complemented with higher-tier tests in order to reduce the uncertainties in risk assessment. 相似文献
34.
Roger A. Pielke Marek Uliasz 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):989-994
Using idealized distributions of surface moisture, it is shown that with a significant synoptic prevailing flow over these regions of surface variability, dispersion is generally enhanced over heterogeneous surfaces as compared to horizontally homogeneous conditions. The importance of the heterogeneity becomes less, however, as the large scale wind speed increases and/or the spatial scale of the heterogeneities become less. This work also clearly demonstrates that the use of Gaussian regulatory models in areas of landscape variability is inappropriate. 相似文献
35.
36.
Han I Mihalic JN Ramos-Bonilla JP Rule AM Polyak LM Peng RD Geyh AS Breysse PN 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2012,62(7):773-782
The main objectives of this study are to (1) characterize chemical constituents of particulate matter (PM) and (2) compare overall differences in PM collected from eight US. counties. This project was undertaken as a part of a larger research program conducted by the Johns Hopkins Particulate Matter Research Center (JHPMRC). The goal of the JHPMRC is to explore the relationship between health effects and exposure to ambient PM of differing composition. The JHPMRC collected weekly filter-based ambient fine particle samples from eight US. counties between January 2008 and January 2010. Each sampling effort consisted of a 5-6-week sampling period. Filters were analyzed for 25 metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Overall compositional differences were ranked by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that weekly concentrations of each element varied 3-40 times between the eight counties. PCA showed that the first five principal components explained 85% of the total variance. The authors found significant overall compositional differences in PM as the average of standardized principal component scores differed between the counties. These findings demonstrate PCA is a useful tool to identify the differences in PM compositional mixtures by county. These differences will be helpful for epidemiological and toxicological studies to help explain why health risks associated with PM exposure are different in locations with similar mass concentrations of PM. 相似文献
37.
Sharon V. R. Epps Roger B. Harvey J. Allen Byrd Branko T. Petrujkić Ivana Sedej Ross C. Beier 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):55-61
Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1 mM thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1 mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10–2.32 log10 colony forming units mL?1 in C. jejuni concentrations after 24 h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut. 相似文献
38.
For many citizens and policymakers, the empirical relationship between economic growth and biodiversity conservation has not been sufficiently established for purposes of identifying the types of economic policies amenable to biodiversity conservation. Some think economic growth conflicts with biodiversity conservation; others think economic growth conduces biodiversity conservation. With panel data from 1997‐2011, encompassing US continental states, we developed a series of statistical models to investigate the relationships among species endangerment, human population, and economic growth as indicated by GDP and per capita GDP. Species endangerment is highly correlated with population and GDP, and per capita GDP is a significant regressor of species endangerment. Across US continental states, competitive exclusion of non‐human species occurs via human economic growth and population growth. 相似文献
39.
Predicted increases in coral disease outbreaks associated with climate change have implications for coral reef ecosystems
and the people and industries that depend on them. It is critical that coral reef managers understand these implications and
have the ability to assess and reduce risk, detect and contain outbreaks, and monitor and minimise impacts. Here, we present
a coral disease response framework that has four core components: (1) an early warning system, (2) a tiered impact assessment
program, (3) scaled management actions and (4) a communication plan. The early warning system combines predictive tools that
monitor the risk of outbreaks of temperature-dependent coral diseases with in situ observations provided by a network of observers
who regularly report on coral health and reef state. Verified reports of an increase in disease prevalence trigger a tiered
response of more detailed impact assessment, targeted research and/or management actions. The response is scaled to the risk
posed by the outbreak, which is a function of the severity and spatial extent of the impacts. We review potential management
actions to mitigate coral disease impacts and facilitate recovery, considering emerging strategies unique to coral disease
and more established strategies to support reef resilience. We also describe approaches to communicating about coral disease
outbreaks that will address common misperceptions and raise awareness of the coral disease threat. By adopting this framework,
managers and researchers can establish a community of practice and can develop response plans for the management of coral
disease outbreaks based on local needs. The collaborations between managers and researchers we suggest will enable adaptive
management of disease impacts following evaluating the cost-effectiveness of emerging response actions and incrementally improving
our understanding of outbreak causation. 相似文献
40.
Genevieve Obermeyer Sara M. Aschmann Roger Atkinson Janet Arey 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(24):3736-3744
To convert gaseous carbonyls to oximes during sampling, an XAD-4 resin denuder system pre-coated with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine and followed by analysis with methane positive chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure carbonyls in ambient air samples in Riverside, CA. In conjunction with similar analyses of environmental chamber OH radical-initiated reactions of o- and p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, 4-hydroxy-2-butanone and 1,4-butanediol, we identified benzaldehyde, o-, m- and p-tolualdehyde and acetophenone and the dicarbonyls glyoxal, methylglyoxal, biacetyl, ethylglyoxal, 1,4-butenedial, 3-hexene-2,5-dione, 3-oxo-butanal, 1,4-butanedial and malonaldehyde in the ambient air samples. As discussed, these carbonyls and dicarbonyls can be formed from the OH radical-initiated reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds emitted into the atmosphere, and we conclude that in situ atmospheric formation is a major source of these carbonyls in our Riverside, CA, ambient air samples. 相似文献