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111.
Dick Oepkes G. C. Page-Christiaens Caroline J. Bax Mireille N. Bekker Catia M. Bilardo Elles M. J. Boon G. Heleen Schuring-Blom Audrey B. C. Coumans Brigitte H. Faas Robert-Jan H. Galjaard Attie T. Go Lidewij Henneman Merryn V. E. Macville Eva Pajkrt Ron F. Suijkerbuijk Karin Huijsdens-van Amsterdam Diane Van Opstal E. J. Verweij Marjan M. Weiss Erik A. Sistermans and for the Dutch NIPT Consortium 《黑龙江环境通报》2016,36(12):1083-1090
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Tessa Eikelboom Ron Janssen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(2):247-266
Spatial planners around the world need to make climate change adaptation plans. Climate adaptation planning requires combining spatial information with stakeholder values. This study demonstrates the potential of geodesign tools as a mean to integrate spatial analysis with stakeholder participation in adaptation planning. The tools are interactive and provide dynamic feedback on stakeholder objectives in response to the application of spatial measures. Different rationalities formed by underlying internalized values influence the reasoning of decision-making. Four tools were developed, each tailored to different rationalities varying between a collective or individual viewpoint and analytical or political arguments. The tools were evaluated in an experiment with four groups of participants that were set around an interactive mapping device: the touch table. To study how local decision-making on adaptation can be supported, this study focuses on a specific case study in the Netherlands. In this case study, multiple different stakeholders need to make spatial decisions on land use and water management planning in response to climate change. The collaborative use of four geodesign tools was evaluated in an interactive experiment. The results show that the geodesign tools were able to integrate the engagement of stakeholders and assessment of measures. The experiment showed that decision-making on adaptation to climate change can benefit from the use of geodesign tools as long as the tool is carefully matched to the rationality that applies to the adaptation issue. Although the tools were tested to support the design of adaptation plans in a Dutch setting, the tools could be used for regional adaptation planning in other countries such as the development of regional adaptation strategies (RAS) as required by the European Union or on a national scale to support developing national adaptation plans of action (NAPAs) as initiated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for least developed countries. 相似文献
113.
A reassessment of the mating system characteristics of the army ant Eciton burchellii 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kronauer DJ Berghoff SM Powell S Denny AJ Edwards KJ Franks NR Boomsma JJ 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2006,93(8):402-406
In a recent study, Denny et al. (2004a) showed that queens of the army ant, Eciton burchellii, mate with multiple males and presented estimates suggesting that they mate with more males than queens of any other ant species so far investigated. They also inferred that data were consistent with queens being inseminated repeatedly throughout their life, which would be exceptional among the social Hymenoptera and contradictory to predictions from kin selection theory. In the present study, we reanalyze these data using new software and supplement them with similar microsatellite data from other colonies of the same species. Mating frequencies in E. burchellii are indeed very high (mean observed and effective queen-mating frequencies of 12.9 each) but considerably lower than the previous estimates. We show that the number of patrilines represented in the first worker offspring of a young queen is lower than in older queens but suggest that this may be due to initial sperm clumping in the queen’s sperm storage organ, rather than to repeated inseminations. Moreover, we found no evidence for repeated mating by genotyping sequential worker generations produced by a single old queen, showing that she did not obtain new inseminations despite ample opportunities for mating. 相似文献
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Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have increased both the number of pregnancies in women beyond the age of 35 and the incidence of multiple pregnancies. Various methods of screening for Down syndrome (DS) were introduced in clinical practice during the last two decades, and specific problems were encountered when they were applied for twin pregnancies. The current review aims to explore the problematic issue of prenatal DS screening in ART twins. Overall, more women with twin pregnancies (mainly those who conceived via assisted reproduction) are found to be false positive for DS. This is because mid-trimester maternal serum screening is associated with a higher false-positive rate secondary to changes in the feto-placental endocrinologic metabolism, reflected mainly in high human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels in the ART pregnancies. First-trimester nuchal translucency (NT) measurement in twin pregnancies is not affected by the problems encountered in serum screening. This sonographic screening approach enables a fetus-specific identification of those fetuses at high risk of DS and is associated with a lower false-positive rate than mid-trimester serum screening. DS screening in ART twins presents several challenges in determining the most appropriate screening test modality. Whether there is any significant benefit of adding first-trimester biochemistry or nasal bone scanning in screening ART-conceived twins awaits further investigation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Paul?WoodcockEmail author David?P.?Edwards Rob?J.?Newton Felicity?A.?Edwards Chey?Vun?Khen Simon?H.?Bottrell Keith?C.?Hamer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(4):275-283
Nitrogen isotope signatures (δ15N) provide powerful measures of the trophic positions of individuals, populations and communities. Obtaining reliable consumer
δ15N values depends upon controlling for spatial variation in plant δ15N values, which form the trophic ‘baseline’. However, recent studies make differing assumptions about the scale over which
plant δ15N values vary, and approaches to baseline control differ markedly. We examined spatial variation in the δ15N values of plants and ants sampled from eight 150-m transects in both unlogged and logged rainforests. We then investigated
whether ant δ15N values were related to variation in plant δ15N values following baseline correction of ant values at two spatial scales: (1) using ‘local’ means of plants collected from
the same transect and (2) using ‘global’ means of plants collected from all transects within each forest type. Plant δ15N baselines varied by the equivalent of one trophic level within each forest type. Correcting ant δ15N values using global plant means resulted in consumer values that were strongly positively related to the transect baseline,
whereas local corrections yielded reliable estimates of consumer trophic positions that were largely independent of transect
baselines. These results were consistent at the community level and when three trophically distinct ant subfamilies and eight
abundant ant species were considered separately. Our results suggest that assuming baselines do not vary can produce misleading
estimates of consumer trophic positions. We therefore emphasise the importance of clearly defining and applying baseline corrections
at a scale that accounts for spatial variation in plant δ15N values. 相似文献
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