钛白废水中硫酸盐生物还原影响因素的研究

在厌氧序批式反应器中,采用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对钛白废水中硫酸盐生物还原的影响因素及厌氧序批式反应器的运行条件进行了研究。研究结果表明,模拟废水的SO24-去除效果比实际钛白废水的SO24-去除效果好。SRB还原实际钛白废水中SO24-的最佳运行条件为:进水SO24-质量浓度不超过2000m g/L、反应温度(35±1)℃、pH6.5~8.0、CODρ/(SO24-)2.0~3.0、HRT24h、反应器运行周期8h(进水0.5h,反应6.0h,沉淀1.0h,出水0.5h)、循环间歇搅拌(搅拌1.5h,搅拌停止2.0h)方式。在此条件下SO24-去除率可达90%。     

医院用汞对市政污水中汞的贡献

对经市政管网排入高碑店污水处理厂的医疗行业污水进行汞来源的调查研究.根据抽样定律确定了医院采样点的数量和位置,利用原子荧光光度计测定采样点的汞含量,并根据采样点的排水量计算采样点的汞排放量.利用线性回归的方法建立汞排放量与医院床位数和门诊量的线性模型.结果表明:高碑店流域医疗行业汞排放总量为58.27 g/d,对高碑店污水处理厂进水汞的贡献率为5.48%,表明医疗行业对于高碑店污水处理厂进水汞的贡献并不是主要因素,要进行市政污水中汞来源的全面调查,必须对其他行业进行深入研究.对医院行业污水汞的减排提出了对策和建议.      

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area in northeast China under different land use patterns

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in groundwater and soil profiles from upland field and paddy field in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area of northeast China. In the study area, the peak concentrations of total PAHs were within or just below the topsoil, and the contents decline with depth at various trend verified by the Spearman's rank correlation test. The total PAH concentrations in upland soil layers ranged from 46.8 to 2,373.0 microg/kg (dry wt.), while the concentrations in paddy soil layers ranged from 23.1 to 1,179.1 microg/kg (dry wt.). The 16 priority PAHs were all detected in the analyzed soil samples, and naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla), chrysene (Chr), and benzo[a]pyrene (Bap) were selected for further study in terms of their vertical distributions. The concentrations of both total and individual PAHs in upland soil were generally higher than those in the corresponding layers of paddy soil. The concentrations of total and individual PAH were notably different between the corresponding horizons in upland and paddy soil were probably attribute to the different sources and properties of the PAHs and soil; different methods of soil tillage and plant growing. Special PAH compound ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, LMW/HMW, and parent PAH ratios (Ant/178, Fla/202, BaA/228, and Ilp/276) were used to identify the source of soil PAHs. The data suggests that the possible sources of PAHs in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigation area are the incomplete combustion of coal, petroleum and crude oil, automobile exhausts. These sources lead to pollution of the soil and groundwater by wet/dry deposition and vertical downward migration.     

人工湿地处理含盐富营养化水的植物根际与非根际菌群分析

为了探究盐胁迫对于人工湿地植物根际与非根际微生态环境的影响,将垂直流人工湿地应用于含盐富营养化水体处理,考察了0.05%、0.50%和1.00%盐度水平下的脱氮效果,并采用高通量测序方法分析湿地植物千屈菜根际与非根际的菌群变化。结果表明:在0.50%和1.00%盐胁迫下,系统的硝化作用受到抑制;然而在各盐度水平下,NO_3~--N的去除率均大于95%,盐度胁迫下反硝化菌更能适应环境。对人工湿地系统在0.05%、0.50%和1.00%盐度水平下千屈菜根际与非根际基质样品的OTU聚类情况分析可知,在盐胁迫下,千屈菜根系丰富了土壤中微生物的多样性,根际环境中的微生物多样性明显高于非根际环境。盐度胁迫抑制了硝化菌的生长,仅在0.05%盐度的非根际组和0.50%盐度的根际组检测到有硝化作用菌群的存在。与硝化菌相比,反硝化菌更耐盐冲击,0.05%、0.50%与1.00%盐度水平下,均检测到反硝化菌,在1.00%盐度水平下检测出耐盐反硝化菌黄杆菌属Flavobacterium。     

远程氨等离子体表面改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的效果分析

采用远程氨等离子体对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜进行了表面改性实验,通过水接触角表征了改性前后PVDF超滤膜表面的亲水性能,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征了改性前后PVDF超滤膜表面的形貌、化学成分变化,通过牛血清白蛋白(BSA)过滤实验评价了改性前后PVDF超滤膜的过滤性能及抗污染性能。结果表明,远程氨等离子体改性的最佳条件为射频功率为40 W,处理时间为45 s,气体流量为20 cm~3·min~(-1);远程氨等离子体通过将含氧、含氮官能团引入PVDF超滤膜表面,使其表面亲水性官能团增多,表面的亲水性能得到提高,水接触角从95.63°降至52.79°,同时降低了对材料表面的刻蚀作用;通过BSA溶液过滤实验,改性后PVDF超滤膜具有良好的过滤性能和抗污染性能,其水通量、 BSA通量分别从87.42、48.00 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)增至129.36、79.98 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),截留率从81.43%增至87.70%,总污染率从70.25%降至45.96%。综合上述结果,经过远程氨等离子体改性后,PVDF超滤膜的亲水性能、过滤性能及抗污染性能均得到改善。     

Application of a Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model to Respirable Particulate Matter in Mexico City

Mexico City frequently experiences high levels of air pollution. This is due mainly to its topography and meteorology that suppress pollutant diffusion and dispersion. The atmospheric mixing is extremely poor, especially during the dry winter months. The levels of certain pollutants, such as particulate matter, are of concern since they have severe effects on public health. Visibility deterioration

is one of the most noticeable effects in large cities. Biological effects of particulate matter on man and animals, ranging from mild eye irritation to death, have been reported. The effects depend on the size of the particles, their solubility, and toxicity. The main objective of this paper is to present the results of a chemical mass balance receptor model applied to a well-characterized data set of particulate matter collected in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Samples of particulate matter were collected using a denuder and a Hi-Vol system for the respirable fraction and total suspended particles, respectively.

In this paper the analysis of a database consisting of the chemical composition of 33 samples of respirable particulate matter (aerosols with diameter less than 2.5 μm) is presented. The 12-hour samples were acquired during day and night periods in a typical medium-income neighborhood from December 19, 1989 through February 5, 1990.

The results show that the main contributors to suspended particles are vehicles without catalytic converters and heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The contribution of refineries, smelters, cement plants, resuspended dust, natural sources, and secondary aerosols were taken into account. In particular, the vehicles without catalytic converters represent the major contribution to PM2.5. They contribute with 50% during the day and 38% at night. Most of the source profiles were taken from the model library SPECIATE EPA. However, native profiles for soil, vehicles, and refinery were designed.     

剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附

以剩余污泥为吸附剂,研究其对模拟废水中酸性大红G的吸附条件及吸附机理。结果表明,剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附是一个快速过程,吸附时间可控制在30 min;其吸附过程同时受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散的影响,可以用假二级动力学模型进行描述和预测;Freundlich方程可以较好地描述剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附行为。污泥未调pH时,对pH<2的溶液中酸性大红G的吸附性能良好;污泥pH为1时,对实验范围(pH<11)溶液中的酸性大红G均可有效吸附;污泥投加量增加,酸性大红G去除率升高,但污泥对酸性大红G的吸附量下降。     

一次低纬高原暖区暴雨对流系统演变及边界层触发

利用高空和地面区域站、FY2G卫星TBB、昆明C波段多普勒雷达、闪电观测资料和NCEP/NCAR1° ×1°再分析资料,分析了2017年7月12-13日云南副高外围暖区暴雨对流系统演变特征及边界层触发成因.结果表明,滇东中部和滇中中部暴雨,12日08:00以锋面降水为主,14:00后以暖区降水为主;环境场具有弱垂直风切...     

上海秋季典型大气高污染过程中有机碳和元素碳的变化特征

于2011年10月1日至10日在上海市城区对大气中细粒子的质量浓度和含碳气溶胶进行了在线连续观测,获得了秋季典型大气灰霾污染过程中含碳气溶胶的变化特征.观测结果显示,在大气灰霾过程中PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度分别为(20.38±7.11)μg·m-3和(4.07±1.97)μg·m-3,浓度显著高于非霾过程.以非霾天气的起始点作为参照点,得出灰霾期间OC和EC的增长率分别为641％±258％和409％±246％,本次灰霾过程中OC的污染累积与二次生成作用分别占63.8％和36.2％,污染过程以累积为主.灰霾期间OC/EC与O3具有良好的线性关系,且相关分析表明二者之间呈正相关,OC浓度的升高与含碳组分的光化学反应有关.采用EC示踪法估算短期大气过程中有机碳(SOC)含量,灰霾天气和非霾天气PM2.5中的SOC浓度分别为1.64～17.96 μg·m 3和0.25 ～2.83 μg·m-3,分别占OC的l0.7％～66.7％和9.2％ ～52.5％.     

脉冲电流对电化学除氯的影响

目的 探究不同电流密度下,直流和脉冲2种电流模式对钢筋混凝土电化学除氯的影响,降低钢筋渗氢量,减小通电后阴极产生的氢气使钢筋发生氢脆的风险,提高除氯效率,改善电化学除氯效率的均匀性。方法 通过在电流密度为2、3、4 A/m²的条件下,对混凝土进行直流和脉冲电流电化学修复,测定处理后的钢筋的释氢电流,计算释氢总电量,来表示钢筋渗氢量,对比处理后强电流区和弱电流区混凝土的氯离子含量,分析2种方式除氯效率的均匀性,同时用扫描电子显微镜观察电化学除氯前后混凝土的微观结构。结果 计算得到不同通电电流密度下钢筋的释氢总电量和除氯效率,脉冲电流的释氢总电量比直流电流低约20%,而除氯效率提高了约10%。结论 增加电流密度可以提高除氯效率,但是会增加钢筋发生氢脆的风险。相较于直流电流,脉冲电流电化学修复可以降低钢筋渗氢量,显著提高弱电流区的除氯效率,从而改善除氯效率的均匀性。