三峡库区的文物保护

三峡工程规模宏大，举世瞩目，具有防洪、发电、航运等综合效益，是开发治理长江的骨干工程，三峡库区位于长江上游河优的下段，受回水影响的水库淹没区和移民安置涉及的20个县市称库区，总面积约5．5万km^2，三峡库区已发现853处大型文物古迹，水库蓄水后大部分文物古迹将不受影响，但少部分将全部或部分受淹，中国政府一贯重视文物保护工作，三峡工程开工后，已拔出专门经费，组织人力物力，进一步加强文物古迹调查，考古勘探，加速古文化遗址的发掘抢救，切实保护三峡库区文物。     

毛纺废水中有机卤化物的产生,测定和处理

毛纺加工过程产生有机卤化物，以人类造成极大危害，近几年越来越受到重视，文章综述了有机卤化物的毛纺加工各工序中的产生，可吸附有机卤化物等的测定及其处理方法和相关立法状况。     

基于采煤塌陷成湖区分析沉积物中铁锰分布特征及随季节变化规律

为分析采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的铁锰含量和碱性磷酸酶活性随时间变化规律,对其环湖设20个采样点进行采样测量。结果表明,采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的Fe含量在0.061~1.731 mg/g范围内变化,夏季和秋季较高,冬季最低;采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的Mn含量在0.012~0.911 mg/g范围内变化,冬季含量最低,秋季含量最高;采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的碱性磷酸酶活性在53.15~560.03 mg/(kg·h)范围内变化,夏秋季较高,冬春季较低,在不同季节与Mn含量均存在正相关关系。第一层的铁锰含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性都较高,说明人类活动对采煤塌陷成湖区有较大的影响。     

云微物理特性及云滴有效半径参数化:一次降水层状云的飞机观测资料结果

全球及区域气候模式中云滴有效半径的参数化对于理解云的辐射效应特别是气溶胶间接效应是非常重要的。本文利用延安地区(位于中国西北地区)一次降水层状云的飞机观测资料,首先给出该次过程的云微物理特性包括云滴数浓度(Nc),云水含量(Qc),云滴的半径(Rm),体积半径(Rv),以及有效半径(Re),云滴谱离散度(ε)以及Re/Rv比值因子β;并指出云滴谱离散度ε与云滴数浓度Nc有着很好的递减关系式,所对应的关系式可以表述为ε=0.579-7.42×10-4Nc+4.2×10-7Nc2。进一步,发现云滴尺度谱采用Lognormal分布函数,Gamma分布函数以及Weibull分布函数所参数化的云滴有效半径与观测结果较为一致。值得指出的是,基于Lognormal分布函数的参数化能够更好地描述云滴有效半径。该云滴有效半径的参数化结果将会加强对于气溶胶在中国西北地区间接辐射强迫的认识。     

Overview on LFG projects in China

Since the first landfill gas (LFG) power plant in China was built in 1998, by now more than 10 years have passed. In this period the LFG utilization process has progressed greatly in China. An overall review of the process is presented in this paper, which includes the background of policies, the information about the approval procedure of LFG projects, and the theoretical methods used to estimate the amount of LFG’s generation. Detailed analysis on the project practice, such as LFG collection techniques, LFG utilization condition in China, is made. According to statistic data, before the end of 2008, 26 LFG power projects have been built and put into operation with total power capacity around 56.8 MW, and 2.234 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent abatement has been achieved annually by all of these LFG projects. The future of LFG industry in China is expected that there is still considerable developing space for LFG utilization in the near coming years, however after 2012, the progress speed may slow down because of some adverse aspects, such as available landfill resource becomes scarce, new laws implemented in China might exclude Chinese landfills from future CDM activities, etc.     

半敞开式隧道不同季节火灾时的烟气扩散数值模拟研究

运用FDS(Fire Dynamic Simulation)火灾模拟软件对半敞开式隧道不同环境温度着火时烟气扩散情况进行模拟,得到隧道内温度和CO浓度的变化特征及烟气纵向蔓延规律和沉降规律.结果表明,隧道采用自然通风能起到很好的排烟效果.火源正上方产生的高温对隧道顶棚结构具有较大的威胁,但火源附近安全高度处烟气温度迅速降到环境温度,不会对人员安全疏散构成威胁.冬季烟气沉降比其他季节严重,但在300 s内没有降到安全高度1.8m以下,对人员逃生影响较小.     

Experimental study on the mitigation via an ultra-fine water mist of methane/coal dust mixture explosions in the presence of obstacles

In this paper, experimental investigations were performed for the mitigation via an ultra-fine water mist of methane/coal dust mixture explosions in the presence of obstacles to reveal the effects of the obstacles in this scenario. Two PCB piezo-electronic pressure transducers were used to acquire the pressure history, a Fastcam Ultima APX high-speed video camera was used to visualize both the process of the mixture explosion and its mitigation. The diameters of the coal dust, the types of obstacles and the volumes of ultra-fine water mist were varied in the tests. The parameters of the explosion overpressure and the range of critical volume flux of the ultra-fine water mist for explosion mitigation were determined. The results show that the mixture explosion and its mitigation are primarily influenced by the number, shape and set locations of the obstacles. When the volume flux of the water mist is larger than a certain amount, the mixture explosions and the effects of obstacles can be completely mitigated with the ultra-fine water mist.     

2015年12月气流轨迹对长三角区域细颗粒物浓度和分布的影响

2015年12月中国长三角区域经历了4次高浓度、大范围、长时间的颗粒物污染.本研究基于HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结合GDAS（Global Data Assimilation System,全球资料同化系统）气象数据和长三角区域15个主要城市的PM_2.5质量浓度数据,利用轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子法（Potential Source Contribution Function,PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹法（Concentration-Weighted Trajectory,CWT）分析了2015年12月长三角区域主要气流轨迹方向和重污染过程中细颗粒物的潜在来源分布,探讨了不同污染过程的气象特征和影响气团分布.结果表明,2015年12月长三角区域主要受到来自西北和北方气流影响（B、C、D类）,其出现概率分别为39.5%、20.0%和25.8%;西方内陆（A类）出现概率最低,仅为14.7%.西北内陆方向长距离输送（B类）对长三角区域空气质量影响较大,在此类气团主导下,长三角区域颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀）质量浓度和气态污染物（SO₂、NO₂、CO）质量浓度平均值分别为90.9、135.1、32.4、54.4和1200 μg·m^-3,且粗颗粒物比重较其它3类聚类高;经过东北海面气团（C类）携带的颗粒物浓度也较高,且PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值最高,可能是其水汽含量较高加剧了污染物的二次生成.PSCF和CWT分析结果表明,污染过程1（12月5-8日）期间,长三角区域PM_2.5浓度主要受内蒙东部、京津冀、山东和江苏东部等地影响;污染过程2（12月10-11日）和污染过程3（12月13-15日）期间,京津冀地区对长三角区域PM_2.5浓度的贡献都较低,污染过程2的主要潜在源区较为集中,主要为内蒙东部、辽宁、山东东部、江苏和上海;而污染过程3的潜在源区较广,内蒙西南地区、甘肃、山西、陕西、河南、河北南部、山东、安徽北部等地及长三角本地对区域PM_2.5浓度均有重要贡献;污染过程4（12月20-27日）持续时间最长,相较前3次污染过程,京津冀地区和西南地区对长三角区域PM_2.5浓度的贡献相对增加.总体来说,2015年12月4次污染过程期间长三角区域PM_2.5污染的潜在贡献源主要集中在华北和华东（长三角）地区,区域性污染和长距离输送对冬季长三角区域空气质量有重要影响.     

Bioconcentration of cadmium in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in relation to thiol group content

To study the bioconcentration of cadmium in water hyacinth, the plants were exposed to water containing 2 microg Cd2+/ml for extended periods of time. Three strains from several exposures during a 30-day period were sampled for the analyses of cadmium and thiol group. The data showed that the plant concentrates cadmium mainly in the roots and that the cadmium uptake is proportional to the increase of the thiol group content. The latter suggests the possibility of using the thiol group content to assess the bioconcentration of heavy metal ions in water hyacinth and as a general parameter for monitoring the heavy metal pollution of water. A simple two-compartmental model was used to simulate the kinetics of cadmium uptake. The calculated bioconcentration factor matches the one derived directly from experimental data, indicating the adequacy of the model.     

基于AERONET的中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型变化特征

基于AERONET网站中多个站点2006~2018年的观测数据,利用气溶胶光学厚度和气溶胶相对光学厚度,对中国华北北京、华东太湖、华南香港、西北SACOL多个站点的气溶胶进行分类,研究了中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型的时空变化特征.结果表明,我国华北、华南、华东区域站点以大陆型和城市工业型气溶胶为主,西北区域站点以大陆型气溶胶为主.气溶胶类型占比存在明显的年际变化,我国华北、华东区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比总体呈上升趋势,次大陆型溶胶占比呈下降趋势,其中华东区域站点年际变化较为突出,大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升2.78%,城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降1.86%;华南区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升0.78%,且城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降0.66%;而西北区域作为沙尘的主要源区,沙尘气溶胶变化最为显著,占比年均上升0.51%.我国不同区域气溶胶类型季节变化差异较大,春季华北、华东、西北区域均出现沙尘气溶胶,且西北区域尤为突出（占比19%）;华北区域城市工业型和大陆型气溶胶占比分别在夏、冬两季出现大值,华东区域城市工业型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比较高,华南区域城市工业型气溶胶在春季占比最多（57%）,西北区域大陆型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比高达83%.