亚硝酸盐对乳酸发酵缺氧-好氧SBR脱氮系统除磷的影响

在以可溶性淀粉为唯一碳源、进水含有硝态氮的缺氧-好氧SBR脱氮除磷系统中,研究了投配亚硝态氮对该乳酸发酵系统除磷的影响.试验结果显示,初始投加亚硝酸盐的浓度分别为2、5、10 mg·L~(-1)时对系统的缺氧吸磷及好氧吸磷都产生了抑制作用,缺氧阶段的释磷量和释磷速率随进水亚硝酸盐浓度的增大而升高.亚硝酸盐对缺氧期液相中乳酸和污泥中糖原的积累都有明显的影响,当亚硝酸盐浓度由0 mg·L~(-1)升至10 mg·L~(-1)时,乳酸浓度由14.06 mg·L~(-1)下降至1.56 mg·L~(-1),相反污泥中糖原的含量从235.69 mg·g~(-1)上升至272.97 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计,下同),并且在好氧阶段糖原的消耗量增加,污泥的吸磷量也随之增加.研究表明,亚硝酸盐对淀粉直接发酵成乳酸的过程及糖原转化为乳酸的过程均有抑制作用.     

Dovehicular emissions dominate the source of C6-C8aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnelwith more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the otherwithmore than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6-C8 aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08 (benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12 (toluene), 0.41 ± 0.09 (m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04 (o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011 (styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02 (ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6-C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals (k_OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller kOH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

新时期的城市环境问题与对策

面对新时期经济高速发展和城市化进程加快的双重挑战,城市环境问题显现出压缩性、复合性、分异性的特点,面对城市发展的形势,我国城市环境保护的对策也要进行相对调整。     

石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂对Cu^2＋吸附性能的研究

为降低壳聚糖处理废水的成本,以壳聚糖和石英砂为原料,采用共混沉降法制成石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂.用石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂处理含Cu2 废水,研究振荡时间、溶液pH值、石英砂壳聚糖投加量、Cu2 初始质量浓度和石英砂粒径对Cu2 吸附性能的影响,同时讨论其吸附动力学特征.结果表明,温度为20 ℃,振荡时间为30 min,pH=6,石英砂壳聚糖用量为20 g/L,Cu2 初始质量浓度为33.3 mg/L时,石英砂壳聚糖对Cu2 的吸附效果较好,吸附率可达91.57%.本文吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型(相关系数r=0.985 2); 吸附过程符合一级动力学反应(r=0.985 6).研究表明,石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂可用于含Cu2 废水的处理.     

电子产品加工制造企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

根据美国EPA挥发性有机物标准检测法TO-11及TO-14/15,采用VOCs快速检测仪、Summa罐及DNPH吸附管,对我国某大型电子产品加工制造企业中不同工艺环节生产车间内部及生产线最终废气排放管道中VOCs含量水平及组分特征进行检测.结果表明,该企业涉及VOCs排放工艺中压铸车间总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度为0.1~0.5 mg·m-3、机加工车间TVOCs浓度为1.5~2.5 mg·m-3、喷涂车间中TVOCs浓度为20~200 mg·m-3,各车间VOCs组分主要包括烷类、烯炔类、芳香类、酮类、酯类和醚类,共20余种.其中涂装车间内苯系物及酮类物质为主要VOCs组分,各物质浓度分别为苯0.02~0.34 mg·m-3、甲苯0.24~3.35 mg·m-3、乙苯0.04~1.33 mg·m-3、对二甲苯0.13~0.96 mg·m-3、邻/间二甲苯0.02~1.18mg·m-3、丙酮0.29~15.77 mg·m-3、2-丁酮0.06~22.88 mg·m-3、环己酮0.02~25.79 mg·m-3、甲基异丁基甲酮0~21.29mg·m-3.根据该企业生产特征及工艺数据计算,其单条生产线VOCs年排放量为14 t,整个厂区年排放量约为840 t.结合生产流程及生产工艺分析,喷涂过程中的溶剂使用是电子产品加工制造企业的VOCs主要排放来源,废气排放口是重点排放点.     

城市污水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型

通过分析进水水量时间序列的非线性动力学性质,认为该时间序列具有混沌特性.在此基础上,通过相空间重构的方法建立了用于城市污水水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型;并利用此模型对污水厂的进水水量进行短时预测,取得了较为满意的预测效果.     

上海地区对流层低层臭氧及硫酸盐气溶胶时空分布特征研究

基于Aura/OMI卫星资料,分析了上海地区2007—2016年近十年对流层低层O_3浓度(0~3 km)、SO_2柱浓度和硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度(0~2 km)时空演变特征.结果表明,近十年来上海地区臭氧浓度总体呈现上升的趋势,最低值在2008年,为31.57μg·m~(-3),最高值在2016年,浓度为40.72μg·m~(-3);O_3季节变化明显,夏季高、春秋次之、冬季低.十年来,硫酸盐气溶胶污染先减少后增加,2007年硫酸盐气溶胶(AOD=0.81)污染最为严重,占近十年硫酸盐气溶胶发生频率的16.41%,2010年污染最轻(AOD=0.68),比2007年下降了16.12%,且硫酸盐气溶胶污染频率为7.68%,但在2013年以后,硫酸盐气溶胶污染又出现增长趋势;污染季节特征与O_3相同,这主要是因为夏季阳光充足有利于大气光化学反应的进行,从而使O_3和硫酸盐气溶胶等光化学产物的浓度升高.SO_2浓度在2007—2014年总体呈现下降的变化趋势,且下降趋势明显,最低值(2014年)比最高值(2007年)降低了52.76%,但在2014年后SO_2浓度略有反弹;SO_2污染主要集中在冬季.     

SO_2与CeO_2超细颗粒非均相反应产物的细胞毒性效应

大气二次细颗粒物(secondary fine particulate matters,SFPMs)是我国城市大气PM_(2.5)的主要组成部分。然而由于PM_(2.5)组成成份复杂,其毒性产生的来源并不明确。在本研究中,我们以二氧化铈(CeO_2)超细颗粒物(UFPs)为大气细矿物质颗粒模型,研究了SO_2气体在模拟大气环境中,如湿度(RH)、紫外光照(UV)和NO_2存在条件下,在CeO_2UFPs界面经多相反应生成的二次无机细颗粒物的性质及与细胞毒性的构效关系。实验通过实时高通量细胞分析系统,实时观察了CeO_2-SFPMs暴露对小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)增殖的影响;并进一步检测了CeO_2-SFPMs对细胞膜通透性和细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,SO_2与CeO_2UFPs作用后可转化为硫酸盐,在有NO_2存在下转化更为明显。CeO_2-SFPMs对细胞毒性效应与其生成的环境条件相关,并具有时间效应性。RAW264.7细胞暴露于CeO_2-SFPMs 8 h,细胞增殖无明显变化;暴露8~25 h后,CeO_2-SFPMs对细胞增殖的抑制率随CeO_2@CeO_2+SO_2@CeO_2+SO_2+RH≈@CeO_2+SO_2+RH+UV@CeO_2+SO_2+RH+NO_2的顺序显著升高。CeO_2-SFPMs对Raw264.7细胞膜通透性和细胞凋亡的影响研究也证明CeO_2-SFPMs@CeO_2+SO_2+RH+NO_2产生的细胞毒性最明显。     

One-pot synthesis of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst and its highly efficient performance for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia

Series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with different Fe loading content were synthesized by simple one-pot strategy. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ and were characterized by various techniques. The results show that Fe_0.63/Cu_1.50-SSZ-13 catalyst with proper Fe content exhibits excellent catalytic activity with widest operation temperature window from 160 to 580°C, excellent hydrothermal stability as well as good resistance to sulfur poisoning when compared with Cu-SSZ-13, signifying its great potential for practical applications. Further characterizations reveal that the synthesized Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts present typical chabazite (CHA) structure with good crystallinity, while isolated Cu²⁺ and monomeric Fe³⁺ are revealed as the predominant copper and iron species. At low temperatures, isolated Cu²⁺ species act as primary active sites for SCR reaction, while monomeric Fe³⁺ species provide sufficient active sites for sustain the SCR activity at high temperature. Moreover, Fe over doping would lead to the damage of zeolite structure, destruction of isolated Cu²⁺ site, as well as the formation of highly oxidizing Fe₂O₃, thus causing deterioration of catalytic performances.     

不同剖面层次土壤磷素运移研究

以陕西杨凌地区塿土为研究对象,通过饱和稳定流土柱运移试验,测定磷酸盐(H_2PO_4~-)在不同层次土壤中的运移穿透曲线(BTC),应用CDE模型、CXTFIT软件程序对其实测穿透曲线(BTC)进行拟合求其运移参数,研究其运移规律。结果表明,磷酸盐在塿土中的运移受到土壤的强烈阻滞作用,随着CaCO_3含量增加,磷酸盐运移所受的阻滞作用增大。磷酸盐在塿土不同剖面层次中运移所受阻滞作用大小与CaCO_3含量呈极显著的正相关,r=0.9791;而与粘粒含量且成极显著的负相关、r=0.9318。磷酸盐在塿土不同土层运移所受阻滞作用大小顺序为:钙积层>堆垫表层>粘化层,其阻滞因子R值分别为:11.80～13.00,5.20～7.00,3.90～5.00。