Using game theory to describe strategy selection for environmental risk and carbon emissions reduction in the green supply chain

This paper provides an approach in the context of green supply chain management, using game theory to analyze the strategies selected by manufacturers to reduce life cycle environmental risk of materials and carbon emissions. Through the application of the ‘tolerability of risk’ concept, a basis for determining the extent of environmental risk and carbon emissions reduction has been established. Currently, scant attention is given to holistic supervision of the supply chain with respect to carbon emissions by governments, and thus the starting hypothesis here is that the default strategy that manufacturers will adopt is only to reduce carbon emissions, and thereby environmental risk, in so far as this is compatible with the aim of increasing revenue. Moreover, we further hypothesize that, once necessary governmental policy has been established in the supply chain management, the strategic choices of the manufacturers would be influenced by government penalties or incentives. A case example is provided to demonstrate the insight that indicates the application of game theory. The limitations of the game model and analysis are discussed, laying a foundation for further work.     

浅谈长庆油田安全监管分离实践及效果

针对长庆油田油气生产特点,为有效控制安全风险,长庆油田不断摸索适应油田发展需要的安全监督和管理模式,经过五年的实践,建立完善了适应长庆油田的安全监管机制,加强日常油气生产安全监督,完善承包商安全监督和安全监督的监管,为油田发展提供了强有力的保障。     

硅/铝掺杂纤铁矿的表面性质及对F-的吸附性能

纤铁矿是土壤中重要的活性矿物组分,常与硅、铝元素共存,对土壤污染物的迁移有重要的影响。采用氧化水解法制备了不掺杂和硅、铝掺杂的纤铁矿(分别记为Lep、Si-Lep、Al-Lep),通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2吸附/脱附、质子电位滴定等方法对样品进行表征和表面性质分析,并研究了3种样品对F~-的吸附性能。结果表明:与Lep相比,Si-Lep、Al-Lep的结晶度降低且铝掺杂显著抑制了纤铁矿向针铁矿转化。Lep、Si-Lep和Al-Lep的BET比表面积分别为25.37、28.18、32.51m2/g,孔体积、平均孔径和表面分形度均依次增大。Lep、Si-Lep和Al-Lep样品的电荷零点(pHPZC)依次为7.10、6.80、6.50;3种样品的表面羟基密度分别为0.33、0.32、0.36mmol/g。Lep、Si-Lep和Al-Lep对F~-的最大吸附量分别为6.58、7.32、9.88mg/g;与Lep相比,Si-Lep和Al-Lep对F~-的准二级动力学速率常数分别降低至0.013、0.014g/(mg·min);Si-Lep对F~-的吸附亲和力增大,而Al-Lep对F~-的吸附亲和力降低。     

Toxic effects of wastewater from various phases of monosodium glutamate production on seed germination and root elongation of crops

To make a comprehensive assessment on monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater pollution, a pollution exposure experiment was carried out on the seed germination and root elongation of wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato by using the wastewater discharged from different processing phases of MSG production. The results showed that there were significantly positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rates of wheat seed germination and root elongation and the COD_cr of the mother liquor scraps. The toxicity of MSG wastewater to the test crops was in the order of tomato > Chinese cabbage > wheat, indicating that tomato was the most sensitive to the wastewater, and could be considered as an ideal toxic bioindicator. The half-effect concentrations (IC₅₀) based on the seed germination and root elongation of the test crops exposed to the wastewater discharged from various processing phases of MSG production was 22.0–32 432 and 17.3–3320 mg/L, respectively.     

农牧交错区土地荒漠化与生物多样性研究--以宁夏盐池县为例

采用α-多样性指数即Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数Jsw和Js和β-多样性指数(相似性系数Cs)研究宁夏盐池县草原群落在不同荒漠化治理措施下(人工封育、退耕还林、撂荒)生物多样性变化.2002和2003年固定样地观测数据表明,到2003年,各样地的α-多样性指数均有不同程度的提高,以撂荒地和退耕还林地α-多样性变化较大.Simpson指数、Js指数变化最为明显,分别平均增加了140%、109%,Shannon-Wiener指数、Jsw指数次之,分别增加67%、49%.人工封育不同处理区α-多样性指数也有较大变化,由核心＞边缘＞外围,变为边缘＞核心＞外围排列次序.β-多样性的研究结果同样表明,各样地的种类组成发生了一定的变化.文章还进一步分析了引起生物多样性变化的主要原因.     

中国农业水土环境存在的问题及对策探讨

中国农业水土环境问题十分严重。水土流失、土地沙漠化、水资源日显短缺、水体过度开采和污染加剧、土壤污染和次生盐渍化是水土环境恶化的根本原因。积极恢复植被、实施虚拟水土战略、对水土资源进行优化调控、构建节约型水土资源综合体系提高水土利用效率、通过国家生态税收建立生态补偿机制等,是解决农业水土环境问题的根本途径。     

接种降解菌对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯降解的影响

邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯〔Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP〕是农田土壤中常被检出的有毒有机污染物,在土壤中有较长的持留性,微生物降解是其从土壤中消失的主要途径.本文采用温室盆栽试验研究了接种两株从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到的高效DEHP降解菌及其混合菌悬液降解土壤中DEHP污染的效果,以及土壤中添加葡萄糖和种植作物对其降解效率的影响.结果表明,在土壤初始DEHP浓度为100mg kg-1的条件下,接种两种降解菌及其混合菌悬液都可显著提高土壤中DEHP消失的速率,其残留半衰期比不接种对照缩短了32~48d,但在相同条件下接种不同降解菌的处理之间没有显著差异.土壤中添加0.6%的葡萄糖虽然可以强烈地促进土壤微生物的整体活性,但并没有提高修复效率,反而在短期内延缓了降解菌对DEHP的降解,延长了DEHP在土壤中持留的半衰期;植物生长可显著提高降解菌的降解效率,降低土壤中DEHP的残留浓度.研究结果同时也表明,只添加葡萄糖或只种植植物对土壤中DEHP的降解并没有显著的影响.图3表4参14     

城市生态系统的预测与综合评价的思想体系

本方针对国内外城市生态系统的研究,提出了一套预测一评价一对策的思想体系,并对其预测、评价方法作了初步理论探讨.     

中亚热带丝栗栲次生林群落高度级结构分析

以高度级为参考坐标，应用衡量优势种群及群落结构动态的失稳率、群落垂直空间的分享度、α—多样性及群落高度级梯度β—多样性等指标对中亚热带丝栗栲次生林群落高度级结构特征及其动态进行分析评价。结果表明：丝栗栲群落及其优势种群个体数、群落物种数和种对级的分享度随高度级增加都呈下降趋势；各高度级物种数和个体数呈明显的正相关关系；级间失稳率显示，群落在第2、3、6、7高度级呈增长趋势，第4、5高度级呈衰退趋势，群落整体具有增长性结构；群落随高度级形成丰富度指数(dMa)、Shannon—Wiener指数(H)逐渐降低，均匀度指数(J)先增后减的变化趋势；随高度级梯度的增加，群落相邻高度级间Whittaker指数(βw)呈上升趋势，而Mofisita—Horn指数(CMH)呈不规则地跳跃式变化，表现了共有种在群落不同高度级的数量差异。图3表2参15。     

电催化氧化降解大气中甲醛的研究

将有机废气通过高效微孔曝气转移到液相,采用活性碳纤维作为电极,研究不同鼓气速率和不同电压对处理效果的影响.结果表明,本方法适用于低浓度高气量有机废气的处理.在实验范围内,当曝气速率为20L·h-1,外加电压为5V的条件下,处理速率最稳定.