小麦对纳米银的吸收及毒性响应

以纳米银（AgNPs）为研究对象,Ag⁺（AgNO₃）为对照,通过添加半胱氨酸（L-cysteine）探讨小麦对AgNPs的吸收累积和毒性响应.小麦幼苗于不同浓度的AgNPs悬浮液中培养4h后,根系出现氧化应激反应和细胞膜损伤,丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量分别由对照组的（2.9±0.5）nmol/L/mgprot和（8.6±1.2）U/mgprot增加至（4.9±1.5）nmol/L/mgprot和（12.4±1.2）U/mgprot.半胱氨酸缓解了AgNO₃对小麦的毒性并使小麦对AgNO₃的吸收速率常数从（275.4±12.3）L/（kg×h）降低到（210.8±11.2）L/（kg×h）.然而,半胱氨酸并没有缓解AgNPs对小麦的毒性,且AgNPs的吸收速率常数没有显著性变化[（12.6±0.8）和（11.2±0.6）L/（kg×h）].这说明AgNPs对小麦的有效性和毒性不仅来源于其释放的Ag⁺,还来源于纳米颗粒本身.通过进一步计算AgNPs暴露液中不同形态Ag的吸收速率常数,发现Ag⁺吸收速率常数最高[（275.4±12.3）L/（kg×h）],Ag-cysteine络合物吸收速率常数次之[（210.8±11.2）L/（kg×h）],纳米颗粒吸收速率常数最低[1.6L/（kg×h）].实验中建立了吸收速率常数预测方程,该方程预测结果与实验观测结果一致,说明该方程能够较好地描述小麦吸收AgNPs的具体过程.     

Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014–2015: Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ and inhalable particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O₃, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O₃ concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O₃ and PM₁₀ in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O₃ photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed (WS) was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O₃ pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O₃ would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.     

Characterization and acid-mobilization study for typical iron-bearing clay mineral

In this study, iron speciation in five standard clay samples was characterized. Iron mobilization from these clays was then measured in acidic media. For comparison, a commercially available Arizona test dust (ATD) was also observed. The results showed that the free-Fe contents of clays were commonly lower than that of dust aerosols. The components of clays were dominant by the structural Fe held in the aluminosilicate lattice. The iron solubility of the clays were in the order of KGa-2?>?SWy-2?>?CCa-2?>?IMt-2?>?NAu-2. Based upon the Mössbauer spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the Fe(II) fraction and the Fe/Si ratio of clay particles changed after dissolution, suggesting the total Fe solubility depended on the Fe atom states existing within the aluminosilicate lattice. The Fe in KGa-2 and SWy-2 was most likely substituted for alkaline elements as the interlayer ions held by ionic bonds in the aluminosilicate, which are more liable to dissolution. However, the Fe in NAu-2 was more likely to be bound by strong covalent bonds in aluminosilicate mineral, which is less soluble. The much highly soluble Fe in ATD was not only linked to the dissolution of an appreciable fraction of Fe(II), but also could be attributed to the fact that the Fe bonds in the clay fraction of ATD were mainly present as ionic bonds. The TEM images showed that reacted clay particles displayed less aggregate particles, with nanoparticle aggregates and the Fe/S-rich tiny particles attached to the remains.     

Characteristics of the pollutant emissions in a tunnel of Shanghai on a weekday

Tunnel displays a typical semi-closed environment, and multitudes of the pollutants tend to accumulate. The samples of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter(PM) were collected from the Xiangyin tunnel at Shanghai to investigate the characteristics of the pollutant emissions. The results indicated that both gaseous pollutants and PM exhibited much higher concentrations during the rush hours in the morning and at night due to vehicle emission. Two peaks of the PM concentration were observed in the scope of 0.7‐1.1 and 3.3–4.7 μm, accounting for 14.6% and 20.3% of the total concentrations, respectively.Organic matter(OM), EC, and many water-soluble ions were markedly higher at the rush hours in the morning than those at night, implicating comprehensive effects of vehicle types and traffic volume. The particle number concentrations exhibited two peaks at Aitken mode(25 nm and 100 nm) and accumulation mode(600 nm), while the particle volume concentration displayed high values at the accumulation mode(100–500 nm) and coarse mode(2.5–4.0 μm). The peak around 100 nm was detected in the morning rush hours, but it diminished with the decrease of the traffic volume. Individual-particle analysis revealed that main particles in the tunnel were Fe-rich particles, K-rich particles, mineral particles,Ca–S rich particles and Al–Si particles. The particles collected at the rush hours displayed marked different morphologies, element concentrations and particle sizes compared to the ones collected at the non-rush period. The data presented herein could shed a light on the feature of vehicle emissions.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜去除水中PFOS的研究

利用聚酰胺复合纳滤膜去除水中的PFOS,在0.6MPa操作压力条件下过滤12h,研究PFOS浓度、离子种类、总离子强度以及海藻酸对PFOS截留效果的影响.结果表明,随着PFOS浓度增大其截留率也随之升高;溶液总离子强度越大,PFOS截留率越高,当过滤进行到12h时,溶液总离子强度为150mmol/L时,PFOS的截留率比溶液总离子强度为10mmol/L时仍高2.1%;溶液中加入1mmol/L Ca²⁺时PFOS的截留效果优于加入1mmol/L Na⁺时的效果;并且随着二价离子浓度的增加,截留率上升,过滤结束时,Ca²⁺浓度为3mmol/L的条件下PFOS的截留率约为97.5%,高于1mmol/L Ca²⁺存在时PFOS的截留率（95%）;海藻酸存在时PFOS的截留率显著增高,尤其在1mmol/L钙离子存在条件下,过滤12h后PFOS的截留率仍可达到95%以上,但海藻酸会导致膜污染的发生从而引起膜通量下降.     

北江流域水化学时空变化及化学风化特征

为了研究我国南方湿润地区河流水化学时空变化特征及控制因素,选择珠江流域第二大水系的北江为研究对象,通过分析2015年6月（汛期）和12月（非汛期）干流和支流河水基本水质参数及主量离子,利用化学计量法及质量守恒法定量评估了自然过程及人类活动共同影响下的流域化学风化特征及其通量.结果表明:①北江河水主量离子浓度非汛期高于汛期.岩石的区域分布和矿山活动构成了河水离子浓度和水化学类型的空间异质性,其中北江干流和支流连江为Ca-HCO₃型,而支流滃江则以Ca-SO₄型为主.②岩石对北江流域化学风化贡献率依次为碳酸岩（78.44%）>硅酸岩（14.43%）>降水源（5.42%）>蒸发岩（1.71%）.基于碳酸岩是北江径流水化学的主要控制因素,滃江流域的矿山开采活动加速了碳酸岩的风化,其对北江流域化学风化的贡献为7%.③汛期与非汛期的碳酸岩风化速率分别为7.49和5.29 t/（km2·月）,年化学风化速率为87.63 t/（km2·a）.研究显示,由于受水热条件、流域面积以及岩性的影响,北江流域年化学风化速率略大于西江流域,远高于东江以及全球流域化学风化平均值,北江对整个珠江流域的风化贡献较大.      

太湖西部流域滨岸带土壤磷形态空间分布与影响因素比较

为了揭示不同流域滨岸带的生态功能,于2015年夏季采集太湖西部苕溪流域和天目湖流域不同滨岸带（林地、耕地、草地、荒地）土壤,利用连续顺序提取法获得无机磷形态,分析土壤磷形态的空间分布特征、影响因素以及土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP（总溶解性磷）的联系.结果表明:苕溪滨岸带的磷形态含量总体上高于天目湖滨岸带,但组成方面有所差异.滨岸带土壤的NH₄Cl-P（弱吸附态磷）、BD-P（还原态磷）、NaOH-P（金属氧化物结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,HCl-P（钙结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,耕地表现得最为明显.从高地到滨水带,草地和荒地的磷形态含量有略微增加的趋势,而林地和耕地的磷形态含量均降低,耕地同样表现得最为明显.苕溪滨岸带磷形态含量的水平变幅大于天目湖滨岸带.相关性分析表明,土壤NaOH-P对地下水中TDP的贡献较大,有机质、黏土矿物和碳酸盐对磷形态有明显的影响;苕溪滨岸带土壤性质对其磷形态的影响较弱,而天目湖滨岸带比较明显.因此,苕溪和天目湖流域不同滨岸带土壤磷形态的空间分布存在差异,影响因素也不同;土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP有明显关系,尤其是NaOH-P.      

白云石的硫化氢高温脱除性能研究

用天然白云石制备了半焙烧白云石和全焙烧白云石，并在固定床上对这些白云石进行硫化氢的高温脱除性能研究，同时考察了反应温度、空速、粒子粒径对白云石脱硫性能的影响。用X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG）和气体吸附等测试手段，对脱硫剂的物相组成、结构、比表面积和孔容进行了表征。结果表明，白云石是一种很好的吸硫剂。在同样条件下，3种白云石中半焙烧白云石具有最好的脱硫效果；而对于同一种白云石，反应条件的差异也会导致其脱硫效果的变化。白云石的脱硫性能与其微观结构有密切关系。     

Effects of environmental factors on N2O emission from and CH4 uptake by the typical grasslands in the Inner Mongolia

The fluxes of N2O emission from and CH4 uptake by the typical semi-arid grasslands in the Inner Mongolia, China were measured in 1998-1999. Three steppes, i.e. the ungrazed Leymus chinensis (LC), the moderately grazed Leymus chinensis (LC) and the ungrazed Stipa grandis (SG), were investigated, at a measurement frequency of once per week in the growing seasons and once per month in the non-growing seasons of the LC steppes. In addition, four diurnal-cycles of the growing seasons of the LC steppes, each in an individual stage of grass growth, were measured. The investigated steppes play a role of source for the atmospheric N2O and sink for the atmospheric CH4, with a N2O emission flux of 0.06-0.21 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) and a CH4 uptake flux of 1.8-2.3 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1). Soil moisture primarily and positively regulates the spatial and seasonal variability of N2O emission. The usual difference in soil moisture among various semi-arid steppes does not lead to significantly different CH4 uptake intensities. Soil moisture, however, negatively regulates the seasonal variability in CH4 uptake. Soil temperature of the most top layer might be the primary driving factor for CH4 uptake when soil moisture is relatively low. The annual net emission of N2O and CH4 from the ungrazed LC steppe, the moderately grazed LC steppe and the ungrazed SG steppe is at a CO2 equivalent rate of 7.7, 0.8 and -7.5 kg CO2-C ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively, which is at an ignorable level. This implies that the role of the semi-arid grasslands in the atmospheric greenhouse effect in terms of net emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) may exclusively depend upon the net exchange of net ecosystem CO2 exchange.     

Improved survival under heat stress in intertidal embryos (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fucus</Emphasis> spp.) simultaneously exposed to hypersalinity and the effect of parental thermal history

Intertidal organisms exposed to thermal stress normally experience other stresses simultaneously, but how these combined stresses modify tolerance to heat, especially for embryos, is poorly understood. Tolerance of fucoid algal embryos to heat, with and without acclimation to a sublethal temperature and with simultaneous exposure to hypersaline media, was examined. Embryos of Fucus vesiculosus L. (mid-intertidal zone) were less tolerant than embryos of Fucus spiralis L. (upper intertidal zone); without acclimation and with a growth temperature of 14°C, about half of the embryos survived 3 h exposure to 33°C in F. vesiculosus and of 35°C in F. spiralis. Conditions experienced by parental thalli (4°C versus 14°C storage) significantly affected the heat tolerance of embryos grown for 24 h post-fertilization at 14°C in F. vesiculosus, a result that is important for biologists using fucoid algae as model systems. Acclimation to a sublethal temperature (29°C) or exposure to the LT₅₀ (33°C, F. vesiculosus; 35°C, F. spiralis) in 100 psu seawater (2850 mmol kg^–1 osmolality) resulted in 30–50% higher levels of embryonic survival. Higher levels of HSP60s were found in embryos exposed to 29–33°C than to 14°C; lower levels of HSP60s were present in embryos exposed to the LT₅₀ under hypersaline conditions than in normal seawater. Contemporaneous studies in 1995–1996 of substratum temperature and desiccation levels were made at Schoodic Point, Maine (USA) underneath F. spiralis and F. vesiculosus canopies and in Semibalanus balanoides patches. This study extends the bioindicator utility of heat-shock proteins in studies of intertidal organisms and demonstrates the importance of integrated stress responses in survival of a single stress factor (e.g. temperature).Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at