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211.
Application of a Proposed Generic LLW Waste Package Analysis With Changing Infiltration in a Humid Environment 下载免费PDF全文
Joseph H. Rustick Steven L. Krahn David S. Kosson Michael T. Ryan James H. Clarke 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2016,26(3):149-167
Corrosion of carbon steel boxes filled with low‐level radioactive waste and buried within a near surface disposal facility in a humid environment was evaluated using an integrated systems approach framework. The time to hydraulic failure from initial burial to development of holes through the wall of a given waste package from pitting corrosion was calculated for four corrosion scenarios under two different corrosion cases. The two corrosion cases chosen were a constant rate of corrosion and a slowing rate of corrosion. Corrosion rates were estimated for carbon steel buried in soil from several historical studies and related to the corrosivity and aeration profile of the soil. The scenarios were chosen to represent a range of possible conditions at current and future U.S. Department of Energy disposal facilities. For each scenario, once the time to hydraulic failure had been estimated, the amount of liquid present in each waste package at the time of failure was calculated as an estimate of leachate available for subsurface transport. The Savannah River E‐Area Engineered Trench was used as a basis for the hypothetical disposal facility. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
212.
Although the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the body responsible for overseeing the organisation of the Olympic Games, has placed a high premium on environmental sustainability for more than two decades, recent editions of the Olympic Games have fallen short of their sustainability goals, or have caused outright environmental harm. By applying a new (principal-agent) perspective and conceptualising the environmental harm caused by the Olympic Games as an agency cost, this article demonstrates that the mechanisms the IOC deploys to control Games organisers are ineffective because they fail to alter the incentives of Games organisers towards compliance with environmental sustainability objectives and that recently proposed changes through the IOC’s Agenda 2020 reforms fail to address this issue. In order to lower agency costs, the IOC must increase its control by involving qualified and independent third parties in its host selection process, provide for a clear mandate in the Host City Contract, and introduce credible sanctions that impose a significant cost on hosts for failing to adhere to environmental objectives. 相似文献
213.
Benjamin D. Trump Christy Foran Taylor Rycroft Matthew D. Wood Nirzwan Bandolin Mariana Cains Timothy Cary Fiona Crocker Nicholas A. Friedenberg Patrick Gurian Kerry Hamilton Jan Jeffrey Hoover Corey Meyer Kaytee Pokrzywinski Ryan Ritterson Paul Schulte Christopher Warner Edward Perkins Igor Linkov 《The Environmentalist》2018,38(4):517-527
Synthetic biology has the potential for a broad array of applications. However, realization of this potential is challenged by the paucity of relevant data for conventional risk assessment protocols, a limitation due to to the relative nascence of the field, as well as the poorly characterized and prioritized hazard, exposure, and dose–response considerations associated with the development and use of synthetic biology-derived organisms. Where quantitative risk assessment approaches are necessarily to fulfill regulatory requirements for review of products containing genetically modified organisms, this paper reviews one potential avenue for early-stage quantitative risk assessment for biosafety considerations of synthetic biology organism deployment into the environment. Building from discussion from a March 2018 US Army Engineer Research and Development Center workshop on developing such quantitative risk assessment for synthetic biology, this paper reviews the findings and discussion of workshop participants. This paper concludes that, while synthetic biology risk assessment and governance will continue to refine and develop in the coming years, a quantitative framework that builds from existing practice is one potentially beneficial option for risk assessors that must contend with the technology’s limited hazard characterization or exposure assessment considerations in the near term. 相似文献
214.
Quantitative tools for implementing the new definition of significant portion of the range in the U.S. Endangered Species Act 下载免费PDF全文
Julia E. Earl Sam Nicol Ruscena Wiederholt Jay E. Diffendorfer Darius Semmens D. T. Tyler Flockhart Brady J. Mattsson Gary McCracken D. Ryan Norris Wayne E. Thogmartin Laura López‐Hoffman 《Conservation biology》2018,32(1):35-49
In 2014, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service announced a new policy interpretation for the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). According to the act, a species must be listed as threatened or endangered if it is determined to be threatened or endangered in a significant portion of its range (SPR). The 2014 policy seeks to provide consistency by establishing that a portion of the range should be considered significant if the associated individuals’ “removal would cause the entire species to become endangered or threatened.” We reviewed 20 quantitative techniques used to assess whether a portion of a species’ range is significant according to the new guidance. Our assessments are based on the 3R criteria—redundancy (i.e., buffering from catastrophe), resiliency (i.e., ability to withstand stochasticity), and representation (i.e., ability to evolve)—that the FWS uses to determine if a species merits listing. We identified data needs for each quantitative technique and considered which methods could be implemented given the data limitations typical of rare species. We also identified proxies for the 3Rs that may be used with limited data. To assess potential data availability, we evaluated 7 example species by accessing data in their species status assessments, which document all the information used during a listing decision. In all species, an SPR could be evaluated with at least one metric for each of the 3Rs robustly or with substantial assumptions. Resiliency assessments appeared most constrained by limited data, and many species lacked information on connectivity between subpopulations, genetic variation, and spatial variability in vital rates. These data gaps will likely make SPR assessments for species with complex life histories or that cross national boundaries difficult. Although we reviewed techniques for the ESA, other countries require identification of significant areas and could benefit from this research. 相似文献
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本实验利用标准短期(48- 96 h)实验室测试测定了包括初级生产者,底栖无脊椎动物,水蚤类动物,软体动物和鱼类在内的15种水生生物对于MON 0818的敏感性。MON 0818是一种商业表面活性剂,由多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺混合而成。此外本实验使用模糊网纹蚤(Ceriodaphnia dubia)潜在的长期(8 d)毒性,确定了暴露浓度。长期毒性测试中未在任何终端指标中发现显著效果。利用得出的数据和文献记载得到物种敏感度在4种暴露条件下的分布,通过对比物种敏感度分布进行了tier-1危害评估。评估显示在本研究规划下(以综述为原型,研究林业除草剂;12 L标准每公顷,等于4.27 kg每公顷) 最差的情况(无意中以最大标签使用速率直接过量喷洒到15 cm深的水体中)会造成中等危害(43.1%的物种处于暴露中,高于中位有效浓度水平)。在更多以最大使用速率使用的典型情况下,受到损害的物种降至20.9%(6 L标准每公顷,相当于2.14 kg每公顷),在更频繁的雇佣施用速率(2.5 L标准每公顷,相当于0.89 kg每公顷)下,受损物种比例降至6.9%。通过草甘膦在环境中的最大测定浓度计算得到MON 0818的浓度,最终受损物种比例(3.8%)则小于此浓度下受损物种比例(5%)。
精选自Jose L. Rodriguez-Gil, Ryan Prosser, David Poirier, Linda Lissemore, Dean Thompson, Mark Hanson, Keith R. Solomon. Aquatic hazard assessment of MON 0818, a commercial mixture of alkylamine ethoxylates commonly used in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations. Part 1: Species sensitivity distribution from laboratory acute exposures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 501–511, July 2017.
DOI: 10.1002/etc.3559
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3559/full 相似文献
217.
An Object-Based Image Analysis of Pinyon and Juniper Woodlands Treated to Reduce Fuels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
April Hulet Bruce A. Roundy Steven L. Petersen Ryan R. Jensen Stephen C. Bunting 《Environmental management》2014,53(3):660-671
Mechanical and prescribed fire treatments are commonly used to reduce fuel loads and maintain or restore sagebrush steppe rangelands across the Great Basin where pinyon (Pinus) and juniper (Juniperus) trees are encroaching and infilling. Geospatial technologies, particularly remote sensing, could potentially be used in these ecosystems to (1) evaluate the longevity of fuel reduction treatments, (2) provide data for planning and designing future fuel-reduction treatments, and (3) assess the spatial distribution of horizontal fuel structure following fuel-reduction treatments. High-spatial resolution color-infrared imagery (0.06-m pixels) was acquired for pinyon and juniper woodland plots where fuels were reduced by either prescribed fire, tree cutting, or mastication at five sites in Oregon, California, Nevada, and Utah. Imagery was taken with a Vexcel UltraCam X digital camera in June 2009. Within each treatment plot, ground cover was measured as part of the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project. Trimble eCognition Developer was used to classify land cover classes using object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques. Differences between cover estimates using OBIA and ground-measurements were not consistently higher or lower for any land cover class and when evaluated for individual sites, were within ±5 % of each other. The overall accuracy and the K hat statistic for classified thematic maps for each treatment were: prescribed burn 85 % and 0.81; cut and fell 82 % and 0.77, and mastication 84 % and 0.80. Although cover assessments from OBIA differed somewhat from ground measurements, they are sufficiently accurate to evaluate treatment success and for supporting a broad range of management concerns. 相似文献
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Jiyoung Ahn Ryan Okerlund Andrew Fry Eric G. Eddings 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increased oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration on the formation of sulfur trioxide during oxy-coal combustion in two different types of pilot-scale furnaces: a pulverized-coal and a circulating-fluidized-bed-fired system.For pulverized-coal (PC) testing, concentrations of SO3 and SO2 were significantly higher for oxy-fired conditions as compared to air-fired conditions. For a high-sulfur Illinois bituminous coal, SO3 concentrations were 4–6 times greater on average. When firing a low-sulfur Utah Bituminous coal, SO3 concentrations were similar for oxy-firing vs. air-firing, and the overall levels were very low compared to the Illinois coal, consistent with differences in the fuel sulfur contents. PC-fired emissions on a normalized mass basis (mass SO3 per unit energy input) indicated higher SO3 emissions under air-fired conditions vs. oxy-firing, for both the Illinois and Utah coals.Circulating fluidized bed testing was also carried out using the low-sulfur Utah coal, and SO3 concentrations were notably higher for oxy-firing vs. air-firing, in contrast to the similar concentration levels observed for PC-firing. When compared on a normalized mass basis, the emissions were similar for both air- and oxy-firing, which is also in contrast to the PC-fired results for this coal. 相似文献