土库曼地区沙漠化进程的预测

在预测沙漠化时,自然和人为因素都应加以考虑。在自然因素中,气候的变化起着主要的作用,而且无法预料。然而,人类大范围的经济活动必将影响下述小气候的变化。沙漠牧场的改良和农业灌溉会引起地表水和地表物理特性的极大变化。秋冬季半灌木和灌木牧场的建     

用网型高梯度磁分离器净化压水反应堆的二次循环水

在压水反应堆的二次循环系统里试验了高梯度磁分离器(1米~3/小时)以除去腐蚀产物。基质系由直径为50～220微米之间的不锈钢毛编织而成的网,其在滤器中的高度在20和68厘米之间。在粒径约为1微米和铁的浓度在5ppb 和100ppm 之间条件下,去除效率达95%,有效周期超过100天。运用了一些特殊的方法来使压力降在整个循环期间基本保持恒定。用M(?)Bbauer 光谱法来描述腐蚀产物的组成。     

大气质量影响分析(四)

5.大气质量模式 大气质量模式是大气质量影响分析的核心。但是,大气质量模式是一门讲究技巧的科学。因此,大气质量模式把诡计和责难结合起来,并且有效地和富有想象力地运用最佳的工程判断。为了提供选择和使用模式的一致性而起草的EPA文件,对此给出了一个令人信服的总结: “把一个设计好的模式应用到每一项规划中的污染源上,虽很方便。但是,一个国家在地形和气候上的多样性,源结构和操作特征的千变万化,不能像使用“烹调全书”那样如法泡制。要想设计一个通用于所有情况的特殊模式是不现实的。此外,很多可能威胁大气质量标准的气象现象并不服从简单的数学处理。因此,经常要依靠专家们对它们进行分析和判断。     

大气质量影响分析(六)

这些实例都经过压缩,不像一般大气质量分析报告描述得那么详尽。另外,两个实例都发生在同一地区。 表23给出了本章叙述的结构。公路的例子,把所有的项目都做了介绍。发电厂的例子,重复的细节(例如气象,现有大气质量)未做介绍,可参考公路的例子。 注明数据和资料的来源,对确立这个报告的可信程度是很重要的,并对评论者、使用者和这个文件以后的闸述负责到底。在这两个例子中,在需要注明文献来源的地方,均以方括号标明。     

Rb-Sr和K-Ar年龄测定法作为应用于沉积岩石和矿物的地层学工具

<正> 一、前言沉积岩年龄的直接测定是地质年代学问世以来,特别是六十年代以来 Hurley 等人文章中许多研究工作的主题。虽然沉积岩年龄测定的主要目的旨在确定数字年代地层的年龄,但是已经发表的数据表明,这一目的未必总是能达到的。对于所研究的地层来说,测得的表观年龄常常与所能接受的年龄不同。地球化学,岩石学和构造地质学有助于对火成岩同位素年龄     

向挪威南部艾于德纳河中施加石灰:底栖无脊椎动物恢复的大规模试验

本研究描述了1985年向艾于德纳河溯河鱼类所在部分施加石灰后敏感的无脊椎动物的恢复情况.这条河流在1960～1970年间丧失了它的大马哈鱼种群.施加石灰的目的是产生pH＞6.0和ANC＞20μg/L的水质,并减少不稳定铝的含量.施加石灰前,在这条河中找不到像蜉蝣类的Baetis rhodanf等高度敏感的无脊椎动物.施加石灰2年后,一些敏感的无脊椎物种产生了积极的回应.河流下游有两处地点发现了B.rhodanf.在随后的5年里,一些敏感的无脊椎物种开始在施加石灰的整个河段聚集,并且数量越来越大.在向河流施加石灰10年后,出现了蜗牛Lymnaeaperegra.这个物种的扩散也非常迅速,5年后它可以在40km范围内施以石灰的的主要河流的所有调查地点被发现.在这一区域减少硫的沉降也引起了艾于德纳河未施加石灰的各支流水质的提高.施加石灰与未施加石灰的地点的比较说明了水质和敏感物种的临界限制是决定艾于德纳河动物组成的主要因素,而与水质变化的原因无关.     

Age-related decline in metabolic competence of small and medium-sized synaptic mitochondria

A computer-assisted morphometric investigation of cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity, selectively evidenced by preferential diaminobenzidine cytochemistry, has been carried out on synaptic mitochondria in the cerebellar cortex of adult and old rats. The ratio (R) of the area of the cytochemical precipitate (CPA) to the overall area of each mitochondrion (MA) was calculated. R refers to the fraction of the inner mitochondrial membrane actively involved in cellular respiration, thus its quantitative estimation constitutes a reliable index of the mitochondrial metabolic competence (MMC). In adult rats a significant negative correlation between MA and R values was found, while in old animals there was just a positive trend. Paired-quartile comparisons of R values showed a significant age-related decrease in small and medium-sized mitochondria, whereas the lowest and not significant age-related reduction was found in oversized organelles. A paired decrease in number and increase in size is reported to be a general trend for mitochondria during aging, but oversized organelles, according to their low R value, constitute a scanty, though functional, compensating reaction. Thus, the present findings support the argument that the currently reported age-related cellular metabolic decay appears to rely both on the decline in MMC of the small and medium-sized mitochondria, and on their specific reduction in number. This novel result is of biological relevance since it is largely the small and medium-sized mitochondria that are required for the provision of adequate amounts of ATP for actual cellular performance, while the significantly enlarged organelles are thought to represent an intermediate ultrastructural feature in mitochondrial genesis and/or remodelling.     

Rapid modification in the olfactory signal of ants following a change in reproductive status

In insect societies, the presence and condition of egg-layers can be assessed with pheromones. Exocrine secretions are expected to vary in time in order to give up-to-date information on an individuals reproductive physiology. In the queenless monogynous ant Streblognathus peetersi, we allowed a previously infertile high-ranking worker to accede to the alpha rank, thus triggering the onset of her oogenesis (15 replicates). We then studied her interactions with an established egg-layer from the same colony after different durations, ranging from 20 h to several days. Even though her eggs are only ready to be laid after 30 days, the new alpha was recognised within 1–2 days. Detection occurred at a distance of a few millimetres, suggesting the involvement of a pheromone with low volatility, such as cuticular hydrocarbons. When the new alpha had differentiated for >48 h, she was attacked by the established egg-layer. In all cases, low-ranking workers eventually immobilised one of the two alphas: the new alpha was the target if she had differentiated only recently, suggesting that police workers select the dominant worker with the less fertile odour. Using the behaviour of ants as our measure, we demonstrate that a dominants olfactory signal changes rapidly with a modification in her social status, and it occurs well before the onset of egg-laying.     

英国塘鹅蛋中多氯联苯同类物的时空变化趋势

1977～1998年间,在苏格兰西部的艾尔萨克雷格对收集到的塘鹅蛋中的多氯联苯(PCB)同类物进行了回顾性分析.对一些年份所收集的塘鹅蛋中每年选择8～10个对其PCB同类物浓度范围分别进行了分析.所有的同类物在几年之内浓度都降在低,但不同的同类物降解速率不同.     

Effects of atmospheric gases on terrestrial plants and critical levels of air pollution

An integrated approach was developed to determine the critical levels of air pollution for ecological standard setting based on the unified index of biological response, by taking into account the effects of all pollution components simultaneously. An empirical model of plant productivity was taken as the dose response model for gaseous pollutant effect on the productivity of trees and the annual productivity of plants was used as the above mentioned index. The CO2 increase in the lower atmosphere was considered to potentially increase plant productivity and NO2 was estimated as neutral while being dangerous for plants as a chemical precursor of ozone or as a source of acidification. The maximum permissible chronic O3 and SO2 levels for trees were estimated and it was found that O3 is much more phytotoxic, as compared to SO2 , with a rather narrow range of permissible levels (27-33 ppb) which complicates its monitoring and control.