Predicting surfactant modified soil/water distribution coefficients using micellar HPLC

Soil water/distribution coefficients (Kd) have been measured for the partitioning of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene between aqueous surfactant solutions and a clean soil. The surfactants used are ABA block copolymers constructed from ethylene oxide (the monomer used to synthesise the hydrophilic A blocks) and propylene oxide (used for the manufacture of the hydrophobic B block). Three of these surfactants comprising the same size propylene oxide block but different ethylene oxide/propylene oxide ratios were investigated. Increasing amounts of surfactant in the system result in a progressive decrease in the Kd values signifying an increasing tendency for the hydrophobic solutes to be dispersed in aqueous solution due to the action of the surfactant. More significantly for equal surfactant doses the most hydrophobic surfactant possessing the lowest ethylene oxide/propylene oxide ratio reduces Kd by the greatest amount whereas the most hydrophilic surfactant reduces Kd the least. Finally micellar HPLC using the above surfactants and hydrophobic solutes was undertaken. Interpolated capacity factors evaluated for particular surfactant doses correlated well with Kd values calculated for the same surfactant doses. The relationship between Kd and capacity was found to be log-linear and the correlation line could be fitted to the data obtained for all three surfactants. It is therefore concluded that micellar HPLC may be used for preliminary evaluations of the effectiveness of particular surfactants proposed for contaminated soils restoration schemes.     

我国可持续发展十大目标：关于“十五”计划制定的建议

“十五”计划是我国２１ 世纪的重大发展计划,直接关系着国民经济的发展方向,而实施可持续发展战略是我国“十五”计划和２０１５ 年远景规划的重要内容之一。为改善人民生活质量,改变“高资本投入、高资源消耗、高污染排放”发展模式,建立适合中国国情的“资源节约型”和“环境友好型”国民经济体系,充分利用“两种资源”和“两个市场”,本文提出了我国可持续发展的十大目标     

ZnCo2O4活化过一硫酸氢钾体系氧化降解水中吡虫啉

吡虫啉(IMI)作为第1代新烟碱类农药,在环境中残余量大、残留时间长,降低其在环境中的含量十分必要.采用凝胶法制备ZnCo2O4双金属氧化物催化剂,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.通过ZnCo2O4活化过一硫酸氢钾(PMS...     

Flood-risk management strategies for an uncertain future: living with Rhine River floods in The Netherlands?

Social pressure on alluvial plains and deltas is large, both from an economic point of view and from a nature conservation point of view. Gradually, flood risks increase with economic development, because the expected damage increases, and with higher dikes, because the flooding depth increases. Global change, changing social desires, but also changing views, require a revision of flood-risk management strategies for the long term. These should be based on resilience as opposed to the resistence strategy of heightening dikes. Resilience strategies for flood-risk management imply that the river is allowed to temporarily flood large areas, whereas the flood damage is minimized by adapting land use. Such strategies are thus based on risk management and 'living with floods' instead of on hazard control. For The Netherlands, one of the most densely populated deltas in the world, alternative resilience strategies have been elaborated and assessed for their hydraulic functioning and 'sustainability criteria'.     

Source characterization of atmospheric heavy metals in industrial/residential areas: a case study in Oman

Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected from two districts: the Sohar industrial estate (SIE) and a residential area in the case study area in Oman. The TSP collected from SIE was taken from 19 different industrial activities, whereas those collected from the residential area were taken from 12 houses. The samples were analyzed for nine heavy metals: chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel, lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium, vanadium, and molybdenum. The results were used to assess the source classes responsible for TSP and heavy metal levels in the atmosphere of the two districts. At each district, principal component analysis was applied to the concentrations of TSP and heavy metals to obtain the number of principal components. At SIE, three groups of elements were determined. The first component contained large factor loadings in Cu and Mn (Cu industrial processes and reinforcement steel production). The second presented most of the variance of Cr, Pb, and Zn (black and galvanized iron pipes production, mechanical industries, and vehicle construction). The third component was composed of Zn and Pb that probably reflected contributions from motor-vehicle tire wear or was associated with municipal incineration. On the other hand, results from the village showed that only one factor was able to explain the main part of the data variance, and the industrial site was polluting air quality in the village with Cu, Cr, Pb, nickel, and Mn.     

纳米氧化锌对厌氧污泥中微生物内源代谢产物和膜污染性能的影响

从厌氧污泥的角度,探究ZnO-NPs对微生物内源代谢产物(BAP)产量和膜污染性能的影响。在实验室培养的厌氧污泥中投加不同浓度的ZnO-NP,通过序批式实验和过滤实验,分别考察ZnO-NP作用下BAP的产量和膜污染性能的变化规律。发现在ZnO-NPs的短期暴露下,BAP和胞外聚合物(EPS)的总量都随着ZnO-NPs浓度的增加而增加。当ZnO-NPs浓度为300 mg·L~(-1)时,BAP和EPS的7 d总产量相较于空白对照组,增幅分别为303.4%和112%,远远高于其他实验组。过滤实验发现,随着ZnO-NPs的增加,BAP的膜污染性能不断增加。此外,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和三维荧光光谱(EEM)分别对污泥形态和BAP特性进行研究,发现在ZnO-NPs短期暴露下,ZnO-NPs的浓度越高,其对厌氧污泥的形态和BAP特性影响越大。     

西部某机械加工企业酸洗场地环境调查与污染特征分析

以西北高原地区某铁塔厂酸洗车间为重点区,对场地开展系统的环境调查,结果表明：该场地以重金属锌污染为主要污染因子,场地内土壤Zn浓度范围13.68~68 800 mg·kg-1,局部区域土壤pH异常、土壤Fe含量和Cl-浓度升高现象;土壤Zn污染垂向迁移深,多数点位Zn污染（Zn含量超过200~500 mg·kg-1）深度达10 m以上,少数点位污染深度达15 m以下,其中北区酸池5 m以内、南区酸池3 m以内和下水管道及两侧区域3~10 m深度范围内为重污染;场地土壤pH异常范围与锌污染范围一致,土壤Cl-浓度和Fe浓度与Zn浓度具有相关性,可作为判断土壤锌污染程度和范围的辅助因子;现场速测的Zn含量与实验室总量测定结果一致性强,在pH异常区域的现场速测pH值与实验室测定结果的一致性较好,现场速测结果可作为污染表征的基础依据。推测酸池泄漏、含重金属洗液长期下渗和工业废水的直接排放为场地污染主要原因。     

船舶柴油机选择性催化还原积碳臭氧直接氧化再生

为解决船舶柴油机SCR催化剂积碳再生问题,提出了臭氧直接氧化再生的方法。实验用玻璃纤维无胶滤筒采集PM,然后在管式炉中用臭氧氧化滤筒中的PM,研究了温度和臭氧浓度对PM氧化的影响。实验表明,臭氧的最佳氧化温度窗口为200~240℃,PM氧化速度随臭氧浓度提高明显加快,PM氧化率可以达到92%以上。根据实验结果,提出了船舶柴油机SCR积碳O3低温再生技术方案。     

基于模糊贝叶斯网络的钢管桩围堰安全评价研究

为探明施工过程中影响钢管桩围堰事故发生率的主要因素,降低桥梁基础工程的事故发生率,建立FBN与MIDAS模型,对围堰工程进行事前安全风险研究。首先参照条例规范与4M1E原则将主要因素统筹为人、机、料、法、环五大方面,构建起具有普适性的的风险评估指标体系,其中含有5个一级指标和18个二级指标。其次根据因素间的逻辑关系构建贝叶斯网络模型,基于模糊数理论确定根节点的先验概率,后利用Leaky Noisy-OR Gate模型计算出非根节点的条件概率,通过NETICA软件得到因素耦合效应以及主要影响因素,最后依据实际案例建立MIDAS有限元模型进行定量化分析。结果表明,主要影响因素有水流压力、土体稳定性、支护体系稳定性、焊接质量以及安全防护设备配备程度。     

电-袋除尘器运行仿真数学模型

以300MW机组的电-袋除尘器系统为研究对象,通过对系统机理的研究,建立烟气参数模型、电除尘器本体结构参数模型、电除尘器运行性能参数模型、袋式除尘器本体结构参数、袋式除尘器运行性能参数模型、电-袋除尘器总除尘效率等一系列相应的仿真数学模型。并在仿真数学模型的基础上,开发了运行仿真软件,可以对系统运行、维护和人员培训等方面提供参考。