Lichens as biomonitors of uranium in the Balkan area

The contribution of the conflict of 1999 to the environmental levels of uranium in the Balkan area was evaluated by means of lichens used as biomonitors. The average U concentration found in lichens in the present study was in line with the values reported for lichens from other countries and well below the levels found in lichens collected in areas with natural or anthropogenic sources of U. Measurement of isotopic ratios 235U/238U allowed to exclude the presence of depleted uranium. According to these results, we could not detect widespread environmental contamination by depleted uranium in the Balkan area.     

Effects of sample preparation on the measurement of organic carbon,hydrogen, nitrogen,sulfur, and oxygen concentrations in marine sediments

The elemental composition of marine sediment provides useful information for the study of environmental processes including biogeochemical cycling and contaminant partitioning. It is common practice to acidify marine sediment samples to remove carbonate before measuring the concentrations of organic carbon (C). To date, however the effects of acidification on the concentrations of hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) in marine sediments have not been explicitly addressed. Acidification may contaminate or alter the sediment samples and create experimental artifacts affecting the validity of resulting H/C, C/N and O/C ratios. The objective of this study was to quantify how various preparation techniques affect the measured concentrations of C, H, N, S and O in marine sediments. Effects of four different pretreatments: unacidified (whole), acidification by HCl vapor, acidification by direct addition of HCl, and combustion were evaluated using five marine sediments and a standard reference material. The magnitude of carbonate loss between the vapor and direct acidification treatments was evaluated using stable C isotope analysis. Carbonates were most effectively removed by direct addition of HCl; and our results agree with findings of other studies which found direct addition of HCl to be the most accurate method for measuring organic C. However, the acid treatments elevated the apparent concentration of H and O; and in a few cases concentrations of N and S were significantly affected by acidification. In general, combustion significantly reduced all elemental concentrations compared to the whole sample. Based on these results, we recommend analysis of the untreated whole sediment for determining N, H, O, and S.     

三相流化床烟气脱硫试验

介绍了丰相流化床烟气脱硫系统。根据工业中试结果分析了影响脱硫效率的因素。三相流化床烟气脱硫工艺投资省、运行费用低、占地少、脱硫效率较高，是值得推广的脱硫新工艺。     

湖泊水生植被恢复物种选择及群落配置分析

介绍了水生植物恢复的常用物种及生活型，并从群落配置的物种数，群落的空间配置及节律匹配等方面对水生植物群落的优化配置进行了分析和研究，结果表明：1)在水生植物群落恢复实践中，无论从经济角度考虑，还是从可操作性出发，均应优先考虑选择少量先锋物种，先恢复生态系统的基本结构和功能，随着生境条件的不断改善，逐步栽种新的物种，增加物种的多样性；2)根据湖相生态系列在空间生境梯度上的变化，按水生植物生活型配置群落是群落配置的基本出发点；3)应根据水生植物的季节差异合理配置群落，使植物种群在生长期上密切衔接，形成常绿人工水生植被，这样在冬季也能较好地发挥对湖泊的净化功能。     

采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性，总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。     

常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋场工程设计

介绍了常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋工程的设计，包括飞灰预处理系统、填埋库结构、防渗和封场设计以及渗沥液处理等。结合工程设计实践，探讨了飞灰安全填埋场的设计技术和设计原则。     

UV/Fenton法预处理橡胶促进剂生产废水

采用UV/Fenton法对橡胶促进剂废水进行预处理.当原水COD约为3000 mg/L时,COD去除率可达65%以上,并得到最佳操作条件为:H2O2投加量为8 mL/L,Fe2 投加量为0.8 g/L,反应时间为30 min,pH=5;同时得到Fenton试剂处理该废水的最佳条件为:H2O2投加量为10 mL/L,Fe2 投加量为0.966 g/L,反应时间为30 min,pH=5;单独UV作用的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间为20 min,pH=5;并就3种处理方法进行了比较,发现UV对Fenton试剂处理橡胶促进剂废水具有一定促进作用.反应前后的紫外光谱说明,经UV/Fenton或Fenton反应后原水中的苯胺、硝基苯等物质已得到了彻底的氧化分解.     

不同负载条件下国Ⅱ重型柴油货车的实际道路排放特征

重型柴油车排放已经成为中国城市与区域大气污染的重要来源。为研究负载条件对重型柴油车实际道路排放的影响,利用车载排放测试(PEMS)方法对2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车开展实际道路排放测试,分析不同负载(空载、半载和满载)条件下的尾气污染物排放特征。基于机动车比功率(VSP)方法分析了不同速度区间的气态污染物(NOx、CO和总碳氢化合物(THC))排放特征,同时通过滤膜采样方法对尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分(有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC))进行了定量分析。结果显示,2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车气态污染物排放因子与负载呈现显著的正相关关系,半载和满载时NOx、CO和THC排放因子相对于空载分别升高18%～41%、6%～67%、37%～125%。但2辆重型柴油货车的PM2.5排放因子并未随负载增加而呈现相同的变化规律。在PM2.5中碳质组分排放约占61%～97%(质量分数),其中EC排放因子随负载的增加而增大。     

TiO2薄膜光催化降解双酚A的研究

采用sol-gel法制备TiO2薄膜。以该薄膜为催化剂，研究了在H2O2存在的条件下，对内分泌干扰物质双酚A的光催化降解反应。分别讨论了pH值、H2O2的加入量、双酚A的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明，在pH=4，30mg／L的H2O2中对初始浓度为50mg／L的双酚A溶液光照180min有较好的降解效果。     

Dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in relation to tree survival in an aerially contaminated woodland soil

Nearly a century of metal deposition adjacent to a metal refinery in Prescot, north-west England has led to highly elevated metal levels in soils at a dominantly Acer pseudoplatanus woodland, but with incongruously and perplexingly few detrimental effects on trees. Dispersal and speciation of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Ni in soil was found to be extremely variable, but spatial patterns of metals were inter-related and also related to soil pH and soil organic matter. These soil variables were all generally higher in soil directly beneath trees than in soil between trees, and were particularly high beneath the spreading canopy of Aesculus hippocastanum. It is argued that this heterogeneous dispersal and availability of metals in soils may explain the survival of mature trees and the successful establishment of seedlings within the woodland. Differing speciation and mobility has allowed high disappearance rates of metals since recent closure of the refinery, which may result in soil recovery at a faster rate than previously thought.