Theoretical equation of gas desorption of particle coal under the non-uniform pressure condition and its analytical solution

Based on the second Fick’s law, the theoretical equation of gas desorption of particle coal under the non-uniform pressure condition was developed in this paper. The analytical solution of the theoretical equation and the method of gas desorption quantity of particle coal under non-uniform pressure condition were obtained.     

Effect of spark duration on explosion parameters of methane/air mixtures in closed vessels

The paper outlines an experimental study on influence of the spark duration and the vessel volume on explosion parameters of premixed methane–air mixtures in the closed explosion vessels. The main findings from these experiments are: For the weaker ignition the spark durations in the range from 6.5 μs to 40.6 μs had little impact on explosion parameters for premixed methane–air mixtures in the 5 L vessel or 20 L vessel; For the same ignitions and volume fractions of methane in air the explosion pressures and the flame temperatures in both vessels of 5 L and 20 L were approximately the same, but the rates of pressure rises in both vessels of 5 L and 20 L were different; The explosion indexes obtained from the measured pressure time histories for both vessels of 5 L and 20 L were approximately equal; For the weaker ignition with the fixed spark duration 45 μs the ignition energies in the range from 54 mJ to 430 mJ had little impact on the explosion parameters; For the same ignition and the volume fractions of methane in air, the vessel volumes had a significant impact on the flame temperatures near the vessel wall; The flame temperatures near the vessel wall decreased as the vessel volumes increased.     

Experimental research into effects of obstacle on methane-coal dust hybrid explosion

An experimental system including pressure transducer, data acquisition card, computer and electric spark ignition device was set up to research methane-coal dust hybrid explosions in closed tubes with different types of obstacles inside. Its dynamic response time was less than a millisecond and the test precision was 0.1%. The experimental results show that the obstacles had great effects on the explosion characteristics in the tube. Hollow obstacles linked with inner wall of the tube induced faster pressure rising than installed center blocked solid obstacles. Obstacles with more sharp corner induce more violent explosions. The most dangerous explosion occurred when spacing between obstacles almost equaled the inner diameter of the tube for the same size obstacle.     

排烟风量变化对隧道集中排烟效率的影响

隧道集中排烟系统的排烟风量是影响火灾烟气抽排效果的关键参数.量化评价烟气抽排效果有利于排烟风机的优化选型.基于FDS的火灾燃烧过程的化学反应式得到隧道火灾烟气的质量生产速率,提出了排烟效率和排烟效能两个表征集中排烟系统烟控能力的计算公式.用基于大涡模拟的FDS软件对隧道火灾烟气进行数值模拟计算.对比研究表明,随着排烟风量的增大,机械排烟效率增大,机械排烟效能反而降低.风机排烟风量增大使多个排烟阀处发生吸穿现象,但风流短路并未降低整个排烟系统的排烟效率.根据研究结果给出了合理的风机排烟风量设计区间,确定三阳路道路隧道集中排烟系统的最佳排烟风量为170 m3/s,对应的排烟效率为96.3％.     

水分散封闭异氰酸酯研究进展

封闭异氰酸酯由于亲水性较差难以分散于水中,通过亲水改性可以使其具有优异的水分散性,但是较高的解封温度及成本使其难以投入实际应用.对水分散封闭异氰酸酯的研究进展进行综述,并对其应用进行了说明,从实际出发对水分散封闭异氰酸酯的发展趋势做出展望.     

活性炭涂层电极电吸附除盐性能研究

构造了简易的电容去离子(CDI)反应装置,以活性炭粉末为吸附材料,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为黏结剂,石墨粉为导电剂。这3种物质的质量比为8∶1∶1。采用涂覆分解法制备活性炭电极,研究其电吸附除盐性能。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对电极的表观形态进行分析,利用电化学工作站对电极材料的电化学性能进行分析,并估算单位质量电极的电容。通过单因素试验得到电容去离子试验的最佳反应条件:端电压为1.6 V,流量为10 L/min,极板间距为2 mm。此条件下离子去除率可达47.9%。吸附达平衡后断开电源,进行电极可再生性研究。结果表明,电极在短时间内即可再生。     

新型多功能森林消防人员睡袋的研究

针对目前我国在森林草原防火工作中,森林消防人员在森林火灾扑救中携行装备落后、繁重的状况,为保护扑火队员免受寒冻之苦,减轻单兵负荷,提高扑火效率,根据我国森林消防工作特点和实际需要,研制出了森林消防多功能睡袋,该实用新型睡袋具有多种功能、多种用途,可用作单人睡袋、背包、担架和吊床。设计合理,使用方便、快捷,质量轻,便于携带,可折叠成背包,是适合于森林消防人员使用的野外装备用具。     

系统安全态势的马尔科夫预测模型建立及应用

基于马尔科夫链预测理论,分析研究了系统安全态势的定性与定量预测问题,建立了系统安全态势预测模型.定性预测侧重安全态势的升、降趋势分析,定量预测以系统万人死亡率为依据,划分四个安全状态,从而实现系统安全状态定量预测.定性与定量预测相互检验、相互补充.实例研究表明,马尔科夫定性与定量相结合的预测模型结构简单,计算方便,符合系统安全态势预测特征要求,是系统安全宏观管理的重要参考依据之一.     

温压装药安全性分析及数据管理系统

温压炸药作为一种较新型的武器弹药,学界对其研究主要集中在弹药性能和毁伤效果的提高上,缺乏对温压炸药装药安全性的分析.温压炸药装药又是一项极具危险性的作业工艺,本文针对温压武器装药系统,采用事故树分析方法对温压装药进行危险性分析,提出温压装药火灾爆炸安全模式,之后由反应温压武器及其制品的危险性能和用于对其生产、储运系统进行安全评价数学模型出发,编程建立了一个实用、系统的温压武器装药安全数据管理信息系统,为温压武器生产企业的实际装药安全生产管理、危险控制,提供一定的理论依据与数据支持.     

村镇生活垃圾重金属含量及其来源分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇的生活垃圾进行采样调查,系统分析我国村镇生活垃圾中重金属污染特征及其可能来源.结果表明,我国北方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.51±8.89)、(0.64±0.42)、(21.91±12.29)、(4.82±8.37)、(86.36±59.99)、(36.43±15.98)、(62.19±36.61)和(46.07±25.22)mg·kg-1,南方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.43±8.82)、(0.83±0.74)、(21.62±13.76)、(1.84±4.55)、(131.06±74.96)、(37.20±16.80)、(98.04±63.71)和(46.75±25.75)mg·kg-1.与《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB 8172-87)和《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)二级标准相比,重金属Cd和Hg超标较严重.通过聚类分析、Pearson相关分析和主成分分析解析垃圾中重金属污染物的来源,结果表明我国典型村镇生活垃圾中Pb和Cd主要来源于厨余、灰土、橡塑类和纸质等印刷品,Hg主要来源于厨余和灰土,Zn和Cr主要来源于灰土,Cu主要来源于电子、电池类废弃物和尘土、橡塑、纸质等印刷品,Ni主要来源于废弃的电子、电池类产品,As主要来源于杀虫剂等农药和肥料.